Context: The first batch of eight cheetahs from Namibia arrived on September 17, 2022, officially launching Project Cheetah, India’s cheetah introduction programme. An overview of the project as it completes one year.
What is Project Cheetah?
It is an ambitious project to re-establish the species within its historical range in India.
The project hopes to benefit global cheetah conservation efforts by providing up to 100 000 km2 of habitat in legally protected areas and an additional 600 000 km2 of habitable landscape for the species.
Cheetahs fulfil a unique ecological role within the carnivore hierarchy and their restoration is expected to enhance ecosystem health in India. As a charismatic species, the cheetah can also benefit India’s broader conservation goals by improving general protection and ecotourism in areas that have been previously neglected.
Present status:
In total, 20 adult African cheetahs have been imported so far.
So far, only 12 of the 20 cheetahs were ever released into the wild, with a few being brought back multiple times to the Kuno National Park (KNP).
Six of the cheetahs which came from Africa have died.
Why did the cheetahs die?
There have been a variety of reasons and causes attributed to the deaths of the six adults and three cubs. Radio collars are not the underlying reason for the deaths of any of these cats, at least that is the officially stated position.
One needs to determine if the African cheetahs are susceptible to certain insects and parasites in India, and if the collars provide a micro-environment conducive for these to thrive.
Context: A new study co-authored by a climate scientist Johan Rockstrom said that Earth is exceeding its safe operating space for humanity in six of nine key measurements of its health, and two of the remaining three are headed in the wrong direction.
The Study on Planetary Boundaries
The study evaluates the health of the Earth using nine key measurements or boundaries that are critical for the well-being of humanity and the planet.
It proposes a new approach to global sustainability by defining planetary boundaries within which humanity can operate safely.
Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems.
Nine Planetary Boundaries
The study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing upon current scientific understanding, it proposes quantifications for seven of them.
Earth System Process
Limit
Implication of Crossing the limit
Climate Change
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere <350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W m-2 in radiative forcing
Loss of polar ice sheets. Regional climate disruptions. Loss of glacial freshwater supplies.Weakening of carbon sinks.
Mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-industrial levels
Conversion of coral reefs to algal-dominated systems. Regional elimination of some aragonite- and high- magnesium calcite-forming marine biota.Slow variable affecting marine carbon sink.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
<5% reduction in O3 concentration from pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units
Severe and irreversible UV- B radiation affects human health and ecosystems.
Biogeo-Chemical Flows: interference with P and N cycles
Limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N2 to 35 Tg N yr-1 Annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P
P: avoid a major oceanic anoxic event (including regional), with impacts on marine ecosystems. N: slow variable affecting overall resilience of ecosystems via acidification of terrestrial ecosystems and eutrophication of coastal and freshwater systems.
Global Freshwater Use
<4000 km3 yr-1 of consumptive use of runoff resources
Could affect regional climate patterns (e.g., monsoon behavior).Primarily slow variable affecting moisture feedback, biomass production, carbon uptake by terrestrial systems and reducing biodiversity
Land System Change
<15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland
Trigger of irreversible and widespread conversion of biomes to undesired states.Primarily acts as a slow variable affecting carbon storage and resilience via changes in biodiversity and landscape heterogeneity
Rate of Biodiversity Loss
Annual rate of <10 extinctions per million species
Slow variable affecting ecosystem functioning at continental and ocean basin scales.Impact on many other boundaries—C storage, freshwater, N and P cycles, land systems.Massive loss of biodiversity unacceptable for ethical reasons.
Thresholds leading to unacceptable impacts on human health and ecosystem functioning possible but largely unknown.May act as a slow variable undermining resilience and increase risk of crossing other thresholds
Atmospheric Aerosol Loading
To be determined
Disruption of monsoon systems. Human-health effects. Interacts with climate change and freshwater boundaries.
Properties of Proposed Planetary Boundaries
Planetary boundaries are interdependent, because transgressing one may both shift the position of other boundaries or cause them to be transgressed.
The social impacts of transgressing boundaries will be a function of the social–ecological resilience of the affected societies.
The proposed concept of “planetary boundaries” aimed at minimizing negative externalities, toward the estimation of the safe space for human development.
Planetary boundaries define, as it were, the boundaries of the “planetary playing field” for humanity if we want to be sure of avoiding major human-induced environmental change on a global scale.
New Findings on the Planetary Boundaries
Unsafe in Six Areas: According to the study, Earth is exceeding its "safe operating space for humanity" in six out of these nine measurements.
These areas include climate, biodiversity, land use, freshwater resources, nutrient pollution, and the presence of "novel" chemicals (human-made compounds like microplastics and nuclear waste).
Safe in Three Areas (for now): Only three of the nine measurements are currently within the boundaries considered safe.
These areas are the acidity of the oceans, the health of the air, and the state of the ozone layer.
Negative Trends:
The study also indicates that even in the areas considered "safe," namely the oceans and air quality, there are negative trends.
Ocean and air pollution are on the rise, which is a cause for concern.
Updating the Boundaries:
The study is an update from 2015 and introduced a new factor - water quality - to the list of unsafe measurements.
This change was based on worsening river run-off and improved measurements and understanding of the issue.
Global Significance:
The researchers emphasize that these nine factors are critical determinants of the planet's fate.
Their findings underscore the urgent need for global action to address environmental and ecological challenges.
Expert Consensus: The boundaries used in the study are described as "scientifically well established" and have been supported by various outside studies and research.
Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) criticized the Madhya Pradesh government for the significant damage to water bodies and issued an order to cease the operation of cruise vessels and other motor-powered boats in the Bhoj wetland. This directive was issued by the Central Zone Bench of the environmental court in response to an application filed last year expressing concern about the deterioration of the wetland, encompassing the Upper Lake and Lower Lake.
About Bhoj wetland:
Location in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh: The Bhoj wetland is a vital ecological site nestled in the heart of Bhopal district in Madhya Pradesh, India.
Historical Origins of the Lakes: This remarkable wetland comprises two interconnected man-made lakes: the Upper Lake and the Lower Lake. The Upper Lake, one of the oldest and most expansive man-made lakes in central India, was ingeniously crafted by King Bhoj during the 11th century. The king achieved this feat by constructing an earthen dam across the Kolans River.
International Recognition under the Ramsar Convention: In 2002, the Bhoj wetland garnered international recognition when it was designated a wetland of global importance under the Ramsar Convention of 1971.
Conservation Efforts and Financing:In 1995, the Madhya Pradesh government undertook a significant conservation project for the wetland, securing funding of Rs 2.5 billion from the Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC).
Critical Significance of Bhoj Wetland:
Water Supply: The Bhoj wetland plays a pivotal role in supplying drinking water to approximately 1.2 million people in the region, underscoring its immense significance for the local populace.
Biodiversity Haven: The Upper Lake, also known as Bhojtal, is home to a diverse ecosystem, hosting 15 different fish species and various turtle species. Furthermore, it serves as a vital habitat for approximately 2,500 migratory bird species, making it a crucial breeding and nesting ground for these international avian visitors.
Accessibility: The Bhoj wetland stands out as one of the most accessible Ramsar sites, boasting a road encircling the twin lakes for ease of exploration.
Current Challenges facing Bhoj Wetland:
According to a study conducted by the Environmental Planning and Coordination organization, the Bhoj wetland confronts a dual challenge of deteriorating water quality and reduced storage capacity.
On the urban front, water quality degradation results from the inflow of sewage, nutrients, and toxins originating from the catchment areas. The Upper Lake, in particular, contends with a daily influx of approximately 9.82 million gallons (44 MLD) of sewage.
The majority of the catchment area is rural, primarily devoted to agriculture, where intensive chemical farming practices are commonplace. This leads to the utilization of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which subsequently seep into the lake via streams.
The southwest region bears the brunt of this agricultural runoff, adversely affecting water quality and posing a long-term threat to the wetland's health.
Furthermore, a significant volume of silt flows into the lake from the rural catchment area, exacerbating the conservation challenges faced by the Bhoj wetland.
WWF-India reports that among all ecosystems in India, wetlands face some of the most severe threats. These critical habitats are grappling with a range of challenges, including the loss of vegetation, salinization, excessive inundation, water pollution, invasive species, and unchecked development and road construction.
Wetlands:
Wetland ecosystems hold a unique position as transitional zones, bridging the divide between terrestrial and aquatic environments. They are often referred to as "ecotones," highlighting their role in connecting these two distinct ecological realms.
Understanding Wetlands through Ramsar Convention Definitions:
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands offers a comprehensive definition of wetlands, encompassing various key characteristics:
Marshes, Fens, and Peatlands: Wetlands encompass a diverse range of landscapes, including marshes, fens, and peatlands. These areas may occur naturally or result from artificial interventions.
Temporary or Permanent Nature: Wetlands can exhibit either temporary or permanent characteristics, further illustrating their ecological diversity.
Natural or Artificial Formation: They can arise through natural processes or as a result of human-made alterations to the landscape.
Inclusive of Water Types: Wetlands span a spectrum of water types, embracing freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater environments.
Depth Limits: The depth of marine water within wetlands, at low tide, does not surpass a height of six meters, distinguishing them from deeper aquatic ecosystems.
About Ramsar Convention
‘Promoting the Conservation and Wise Use of Wetlands’:
The Ramsar Convention, a notable international agreement, stands as a staunch advocate for the conservation and prudent utilization of wetlands worldwide. Remarkably, it is the sole global treaty exclusively dedicated to the preservation of a single ecosystem – wetlands.
Inception: This pivotal convention was established on February 2nd, 1971, initiated by UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Enactment: It officially came into effect in 1975, with countries around the world recognizing the significance of safeguarding their wetland ecosystems.
India's Commitment: India signed the Ramsar Convention on February 1, 1982, solidifying its dedication to this global cause. There are 75 Ramsar sites in India
World Wetlands Day: An important date in the calendar is February 2nd, celebrated annually as World Wetlands Day to raise awareness about the importance of wetlands.
Three Pillars of Ramsar Convention:
Wise Use: Central to the Ramsar Convention is the concept of "wise use." It advocates for the sustainable utilization of wetlands, balancing human needs with the preservation of ecological integrity.
List of Wetlands of International Importance: Governments commit to this list, designating specific wetlands for international recognition and protection. Inclusion signifies a government's pledge to take measures to uphold the ecological character of these sites.
International Cooperation: Collaboration between nations is a fundamental aspect, emphasizing the importance of working together to conserve wetlands on a global scale.
The Montreux Record
Monitoring Change in Wetlands:
The Montreux Record serves as a register of wetland sites within the List of Wetlands of International Importance.
These sites have either undergone, are undergoing, or are anticipated to experience changes in their ecological character due to factors like technological advancements, pollution, or human interference.
Adopted in Brisbane during the Conference of the Contracting Parties in 1996, the Montreux Record operates as an adjunct to the Montreux Record Operating Guidelines.
This database plays a pivotal role within the Ramsar Convention by continuously monitoring and documenting changes in designated wetland sites, ensuring their protection.
Two prominent Montreux Record sites in India include Loktak Lake in Manipur and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan.
Chilika Lake, another significant Indian wetland, was added to the Montreux Record in 1993 but later removed from the list in 2002, showcasing the dynamic nature of these designations.
Partners in Conservation
The Ramsar Convention collaborates closely with six distinguished organizations known as International Organization Partners (IOPs), which are:
Birdlife International
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Wetlands International
WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)
International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)
Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance:
One of the nine criteria must be fulfilled to be the Ramsar Site.
Introduction to the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017:
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, have been officially promulgated by the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), in accordance with the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Defining the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017:
Effective Conservation and Management: These rules are designed to ensure the effective conservation and management of wetlands within India. They represent a substantial update, supplanting the earlier Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules from 2010.
Regulatory Framework: The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, serve as the principal regulatory framework governing the conservation and management of wetlands within the country. Notably, they usher in a shift in wetland management, deviating from a centralized approach towards increased involvement of state-level organizations.
Key Responsibilities: The rules stipulate the advisory role of the National Wetland Committee in overseeing the integrated management of Ramsar Convention areas and providing guidance to state agencies on the concept of "wise use" concerning wetlands.
Guidelines Development: To aid State Governments and Union Territory (UT) Administrations in implementing these rules, comprehensive guidelines have been developed. These guidelines encompass various aspects, including the identification and delineation of wetlands, the creation of lists of regulated and permitted activities, and the structure and operational matters concerning the Wetlands Authority.
Salient Features of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017:
State Wetland Authority (SWA): These rules mandate the establishment of a State Wetland Authority in each state and union territory, presided over by the state's environment minister. The authority comprises diverse government representatives with expertise in fields such as hydrology, socioeconomics, landscape design, fisheries, and wetland ecology.
Principles of Sustainable Use: The rules introduce the concept of "smart use" as the guiding principle for wetland management. This shift towards sustainable use, acceptable to conservation objectives, is termed "wise use," marking a decentralization of powers.
Comprehensive List of Activities: SWAs are tasked with creating exhaustive lists of activities to be regulated and permitted within notified wetlands and their zones of influence. They are also authorized to add activities that should be prohibited in specific wetlands and develop plans for more efficient wetland utilization.
National Wetland Committee (NWC): Replacing the Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority, the NWC is established, with the MoEFCC secretary leading it.
Prohibited Activities: The rules categorically forbid activities such as encroachment, industrial establishment, waste disposal, and untreated effluent discharge in wetlands.
Inventory Creation: State authorities are required to compile lists of all wetlands and those that need notification within a stipulated timeframe. These lists serve as the basis for the creation of a comprehensive digital inventory of all wetlands, updated every decade.
Centre for Wetland Conservation and Management (CWCM):
Establishment: The CWCM, inaugurated on World Wetland Day in 2021 (February 2, 2021), is an integral component of the National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM), based in Chennai, under the purview of the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change.
Primary Objective: The centre is dedicated to the management, restoration, and conservation of India's wetlands. It aims to address knowledge gaps and specific research needs in this field.
Knowledge Sharing:The CWCM facilitates knowledge exchange among State/UT Wetland Authorities, wetland users, managers, academics, policymakers, and practitioners through its knowledge portal.
Networking: It fosters alliances and networks with relevant regional, national, and international organizations and promotes integrated approaches for wetland protection, management, and sustainable utilization.
Support for Government: The CWCM assists governments at various levels in the development and implementation of legislative and policy frameworks, management planning, monitoring, and focused wetlands conservation research.
Context: The use of food crops to generate bio-fuels can put burden on the resources of India, which demands for change in the definition of bio-fuels.
Biofuels are alternative fuels produced from biomass and used for transportation.
There are two major biofuel sectors:
Bio-gasoline from sugar-based bioethanol.
Biodiesel from vegetable oils or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
Global transportation sector is facing three major challenges, namely
Depletion of fossil fuels.
Volatility in crude oil prices.
Stringent environmental regulations.
Alternative fuels specific to geographies can address these issues. Ethanol is considered to be one of most suitable alternative blending, transportation fuel due to its better fuel quality (ethanol has a higher octane number) and environmental benefits.
Defnition of Biofule and Global Regulation
Since 2008, European regulations (such as the RED II directive) while differntiating provide for two kinds of biofuels:
Conventional biofuels: First generation biofuels from agricultural raw materials that can threaten food security or have a negative impact on land use changes
Advanced biofuels:
Second Generartion: These fuels are derived from non-edible vegetal resources.
Third Generartion: These fuels are derived from micro-organisms such as algae or yeasts.
Biofuel consumption mainly depends on legal constraints on blending and on the fuel demand trends. They were mainly used in road transport in 2020, but new applications in the maritime and air sector are being developed.
Data
According to the International Energy Agency, to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 globally, sustainable biofuel production needs to triple by 2030 to fuel modes that have few other mitigation options.
Biofuels vs. Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Transitioning to EVs requires replacing existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and infrastructure, which is capital-intensive and can have environmental concerns related to the mining of critical minerals for batteries.
Case of India
High Import Dependence: India’s import dependence on crude oil and products stood at an all-time high of 87.3% in FY2023, and 25.8% of the country’s import bill was spent on it.
High Demand of Crude and its Product: India has the third-largest crude and product demand in the world with significant room for consumption growth.
Demand of Transportation Sector for Petrol
Nearly 60 per cent of our petrol demand comes from two-wheelers, which cater to the mobility needs of citizens across the economic spectrum.
The remaining 40 per cent demand is from four-wheelers and this share is likely to increase.
Government Programme: India launched its ethanol blending programme in 2003 and in 2022, India’s blending programme achieved the significant milestone of 10 per cent ethanol blending in petrol.
Ethanol Supply:
Ethanol producers supplied nearly 430 crore liters of ethanol in 2022.
Much of India’s supply of ethanol for the blending programme comes from first-generation production using food crops, mostly sugarcane (84 per cent) and grain (16 per cent).
Prospect of Second-generation (2G) technologies
Investments in second-generation (2G) technologies for ethanol production have been slow.
Indian Oil’s state-of-the-art facility will only produce 3 crore liters of 2G ethanol.
There are 12 such facilities in various stages of planning and construction.
International Energy Agency suggested that in the last decade, up to 20% of our total primary energy supply was met by biomass, and a large portion of it was used by households.
Biofuel Targets of India
The government aims to achieve a 20% ethanol blending with petrol (E20) by 2025-26.
In India, biofuels are primarily associated with first-generation (1G) ethanol, which is sourced from food crops like sugarcane and foodgrains.
Factors that Derive production of ethanol in India
Demand Enrichment: Governments’ mandate for blending a minimum percentage (%) of ethanol with gasoline fuel & production of ethanol compatible vehicles.
Supply Enrichment: Schemes for ethanol production from different feedstocks and encouragement to augment bio-refineries and their capacities.
Incentives: Promoting the use of higher ethanol blends through price incentives (tax relief at the retail level) and tax incentives for vehicles compatible with E20 and E85.
Prospects of Biofuel in India
The demand for 20 per cent blending is set to increase India’s ethanol demand to nearly 1,100 crore liters by 2025.
Achieving the 2025 target will require investments, and the ability to provide and divert the necessary feedstock for the domestic production of ethanol.
A NITI Aayog report also indicated a growth in petrol demand by over 45 per cent by 2030, compared to 2021.
The share of four-wheeler is going to increase Nearly 55 per cent of respondents in a 2021 study focused on urban India by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water.
Challenges to Bio-fuels in India
1G Ethanol Dominance: India primarily relies on first-generation (1G) ethanol, sourced from food crops, particularly sugar cane and foodgrains, to meet its ethanol blending targets.
Resource Depletion and Food Security:
Growing sugar cane and using foodgrains for ethanol production have significant implications for groundwater depletion and food security.
These practices may not be sustainable, given stagnant crop yields, climate change impacts, and limited resources.
Groundwater Issue:
Groundwater depletion from sugarcane cultivation and diverting food crops for ethanol production can have negative consequences, especially given stagnant crop yields and the need to feed a growing population.
According to the study by University of Michigan rates of groundwater depletion could triple during 2040-81 compared with the current rate.
Agriculture's GHG Emissions: Diverting crops towards fuel production increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agriculture sector, counteracting the goal of reducing emissions in the transport sector.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The agriculture sector is noted for its direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and using it to produce motor fuel may lead to a net increase in emissions, counteracting efforts to reduce emissions from the transport sector.
Challenge of Scaling up: Balancing economies of scale with energy needs and costs for biomass collection and transport remains a challenge.
Way Forward
Clarity in Definition: The term 'biofuel' encompasses both sustainable and unsustainable fuels. Distinguishing between them is crucial for effective decarbonization efforts.
Sustainable Biofuels:
Sustainable biofuels, produced from crop residues and other low-impact sources, have a lower water and GHG footprint.
Global Biofuels Alliance initiative aim to develop these sustainable alternatives and promote ethanol use.
Biomass Use: The Energy Transitions Commission recommends prioritizing biomass use in sectors where low-carbon alternatives are limited, such as long-haul aviation and road freight, where electrification is challenging.
Alternative Strategies: Alternative strategies can be formulated to reduce negative consequences, such as reducing surplus sugarcane cultivation, could be explored to address the issue of surplus sugar production and prioritize food production.
Diversification of Fuel Base: Diversifying our fuel base, the primary focus of policy must be to slow down the overall consumption of petrol in the economy and address the private demand for fuel.
Achieving true sustainability in biofuels is a complex task. Any strategy must be carefully assessed within the larger ecosystem to avoid unintended negative consequences.
Gulf of Mexico is listed as one of the 66 Large Marine Ecosystems of the World with high endemism.
Unique fish species found in Gulf of California are Totoaba (Critically Endangered) and Vaquita Porpoise (Critically Endangered).
Reasons for decline in the population of Vaquita Porpoise
Main cause for the decline of population of Vaquita Porpoise is their incidental mortality in gillnets as bycatch.
They are mainly entangled in shrimp gillnets and nets set for totoaba.
Totoaba is a fish similar in size to Vaquita. Value of Totoaba has skyrocketed due to demand in black market for totoaba swim bladers in Hong Kong and China.
Vaquita Porpoise has low reproductive rate and limited geographical distribution which makes it high vulnerable to human disturbances.
Other reasons include increased urbanisation around Gulf of California and increased pollution.
Context: The University of Chicago has published the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) report for 2023. AQLI data emphasises that ambient particulate pollution poses the world’s greatest external risk to human health.
Major Highlights:
Data shows that failure to meet the World Health Organisation's guidelines on reducing PM2.5 (particulate matter) pollution to 5 μg/m3 would cut global life expectancy by 2.3 years.
(Chart 1) South Asia is at the centre of the crisis.
According to AQLI data, from 2013 to 2021, particulate pollution in South Asia surged by 9.7%, which is estimated to reduce life expectancy in the region by an additional six months.
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, where 22.9% of the global population lives, are the most polluted countries in the world.
(Chart 2) In India, the second-most polluted country (most polluted Bangladesh) in the world in 2021, particulate pollution is the greatest threat to human health.
Data reveal a further rise in PM2.5 pollution from 56.2 μg/m3 in 2020 to 58.7 μg/m3 in 2021, exceeding the WHO guidelines by more than 10 times. The average Indian resident is set to lose 5.3 years of life expectancy if WHO guidelines remain unmet.
Chart 3 shows the most polluted States in India and the potential life expectancy loss if pollution levels do not meet WHO guidelines. In Delhi, the world’s most polluted city, 18 million people could lose 11.9 years of life expectancy relative to the WHO guideline and 8.5 years of life expectancy relative to the national guideline if current pollution levels persist.
The northern plains, home to over half a billion people and 38.9% of India’s population is the most polluted region.
The northern plains include the States and Union Territories of Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
Chart 4 shows the annual average PM2.5 concentrations in India, the northern plains, and all other regions. Pollution, once concentrated in the northern region, has spread to other parts of the country over the last two decades. All of the 521.2 million people living in the Northern Plains — 38.9 per cent of India’s population — live in areas where the annual average particulate pollution level is 17.3 times higher than the WHO guideline.
Air Pollution:
Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants (a complex mixture of solid particles, liquid droplets, as well as gases) into the air which is detrimental to human health and the planet.
Major Pollutants:
Ozone (O3): Terrestrial O3 is created by the chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, refineries etc. chemically react in the presence of sunlight)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): emissions from motor vehicle exhaust, industrial facilities, and chemical solvents.
Carbon monoxide (CO): released on burning fuel containing carbon, such as wood, coal and petrol.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2): burning fossil fuels by power plants and other industrial facilities.
PM2.5 and PM10
Methane: landfills, waste, fossil fuel and agricultural industry.
Impacts of Air Pollution:
Air pollution is one of the biggest environmental threats to human health, alongside climate change.
Human Health:
Decreased life expectancydue to severe diseases induced by air pollution. Every year, exposure to air pollution is estimated to cause 7 million premature deaths. In children, effects include reduced lung growth and function, respiratory infections and aggravated asthma.
Developmental delay: New research has also shown an association between prenatal exposure to high levels of air pollution and developmental delay at age three, as well as psychological and behavioural problems later on, including symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety and depression.
Wildlife: Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat.
Economy: Increasing healthcare costs, reducing productivity, environmental damage. As per World Air Quality Report 2022, Economic cost of air pollution to Indian economy is estimated to be more than US$150 billion per year.
Particulate Pollution:
Particulate pollutants are minute solid particles or liquid droplets in the air. These are present in Particulate Matter (PM 10, PM 2.5) is composed of a mixture of solids and liquids found in the air.
Particulates in the atmosphere may be viable or non-viable.
Viable: They are minute living organisms that are dispersed in the atmosphere (e.g., bacteria, fungi, moulds, algae etc.)
Non-Viable: They are small solid or liquid particles suspended in the air that are not capable of reproducing or growing.
Smoke particulates from burning of fossil fuel, garbage etc.
Dust, Sand, pulverized coal, cement and fly ash from factories etc.
Mists produced by particles of spray liquids and by condensation of vapours in air.
Fumes by the condensation of vapours during sublimation, distillation, boiling and several other chemical reactions. E.g., Organic solvents, metals and metallic oxides form fume particles.
Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 and PM 10 refer to different size categories of airborne particles that can have various impacts on human health and the environment.
PM10 (particles with a diameter of 10 micrometres or less) are small enough to pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects. Particles with a diameter of 10 microns or less, (≤ PM10) can penetrate and lodge deep inside the lungs.
PM2.5: The particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less, (≤ PM2.5) can penetrate the lung barrier and further enter the body through the bloodstream, affecting all major organs.PM2.5 can cause diseases both to our cardiovascular and respiratory systems, provoking, for example, stroke, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
WHO’s Global Air Quality Guidelines:
The WHO Air quality guidelines are a set of evidence-based recommendations of limit values for specific air pollutants developed to help countries achieve air quality that protects public health.
In 2021, WHO released a revised Global Air Quality Guidelines announcing more stringent limits for six pollutant categories - particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
Although the guidelines are neither standards nor legally binding criteria, they are designed to offer guidance in reducing the health impacts of air pollution based on expert evaluation of current scientific evidence.
The guidelines the stage for eventual shifts in policy in the government towards evolving newer stricter local and national air quality standards and will help countries in protecting health as well as mitigating global climate change.
PM2.5: The upper limit of annual PM2.5 as per the 2005 standards is 10 micrograms per cubic metre. It has been revised to 5 micrograms per cubic metre. The 24-hour ceiling used to be 25 micrograms but has now dropped to 15.
PM10: For PM10, the upper limit is 20 micrograms and has now been revised to 15 whereas the 24-hour value has been revised from 50 to 45 micrograms.
Impact of guidelines on India:
The move does not immediately impact India as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) do not meet the WHO’s existing standards.
The government has a dedicated National Clean Air Programme that aims for a 20% to 30% reduction in particulate matter concentrations by 2024 in 122 cities, keeping 2017 as the base year for the comparison of concentration.
India’s NAAQs — last revised in 2009 — specify an annual limit of 60 micrograms per cubic metre for PM 10 and 100 for a 24-hour period. Similarly, it is 40 for PM 2.5 annually and 60 for a 24-hour period. There are also standards for a host of chemical pollutants including sulphur dioxide, lead and nitrogen dioxide.
India’s Initiatives:
The Air (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act, 1981: The Act aims to control and prevent air pollution in India, and some of its main objectives are:
Prevent, control, and reduce air pollution.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) were given the responsibility.
National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): It was launched in 2019, now renamed National Clear Air Mission is a long-term, time-bound, national level strategy to tackle the air pollution across the country comprehensively.
NCAP targets to achieve 20% to 30% reduction in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations by 2024 keeping 2017 as the base year for the comparison of concentration.
131non-attainment cities mostly in Indo-Gangetic Plains have been identified based on ambient air quality data for the period 2011 – 2015 and WHO report 2014/2018.
Commission for Air Quality Management: The Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and adjoining areas 2020 — with a provision for a fine of Rs 1 crore and/or jail for 5 years for those violating air pollution norms.
Clean Air India Initiative to curb air pollution in Indian cities by promoting partnerships between Indian start-ups and build a network of entrepreneurs working on business solutions for cleaner air. Under it, an ‘INDUS impact’ project aims to halt the burning of paddy stubble by promoting businesses that “up cycle” it by using paddy straw as feedstock to make materials that would find use in construction and packaging.
Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, National Air Quality Index and sector-specific emission and effluent standards for industries to reduce emission of PM 10, SO2 and oxide of nitrogen.
Air Quality Index (AQI):
AQI is an initiative of the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
National Air Quality Index was launched in 2014 as ‘One Number- One Color-One Description’ for the common man to judge the air quality within his vicinity.
The colour-coded index has six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe.
The index will measure eight major pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM) 10, PM2.5, Ozone (O3), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb) and ammonia (NH3).
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has notified these standards under powers given to it under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
The initiative comes under the Ministry of Earth Sciences and Environment.
Air Quality Early Warning System for Delhi has been announced by the Central government that can alert, three days in advance, about the likelihood of extreme pollution events & dust storms.
The air pollution system has been developed jointly by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), India Meteorological Department, National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF).
It intends for real time observations with 72-hour lead time of air quality over Delhi region.
It provides details about natural aerosols like dust from dust storms and particulate matter using different satellite data sets.
It will provide warning messages and Alerts to take necessary steps as per Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP).
Promotion of fuel standards: Leapfrogging from BS-I to BS-VI fuel and ban on pet coke and furnace oil.
Bharat Stage Norms (BS Norms) are rules that determine the maximum limit of pollutants vehicles (Including motor vehicles) can emit.
The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in the year 2000.
2020 – BS-VI has been introduced directly bypassing BS-V.
BS VI is expected to be the same as that of the Euro VI norms and will be declared by CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) under the Ministry of Environment & Forests and Climate Change.
BS VI norms will cut down the presence of sulphur (in comparison to BS IV) from 50 ppm to 10 ppm (80%)
Implementation of BS VI will ensure cutting down harmful NOx (nitrogen oxides) from diesel cars by nearly 70%. In the petrol cars, they can be reduced by 25%.
Particulate matter like PM 2.5 and PM 10 are the most harmful components and the BS VI will bring down the cancer-causing particulate matter in diesel cars by a phenomenal 80%.
Swachh Vayu Survekshan: It has been conducted since 2016 and is the world’s largest urban sanitation and cleanliness survey. The primary goal of Swachh Survekshans is to encourage large-scale citizen participation and create awareness amongst all sections of society about the importance of working together towards making towns and cities better places to reside in.
It is conducted under the ambit of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
‘Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan- Ranking of Cities’: The guidelines on ‘Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan- Ranking of Cities’ released under National Clean Air Program (NCAP).
Promotes ranking of 131 cities in the country for implementing City Action Plans prepared as part of NCAP for reducing air pollution up to 40% by 2025-26.
Subsidy to cooking fuel under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) to dramatically expand access to clean energy, especially for rural households, to curb indoor pollution.
Encouraging Alternatives: Promotion of public transport and network of metro, e-rickshaws, promotion of car-pooling, smog towers, etc.
Way Forward:
Need for a stronger mandate: NCAP is not legally binding, it will continue to be an advising programme. Legal support is needed not just to give state and local governments more enforceable mandates, but also to ensure inter-ministerial collaboration.
Need for Higher ambitions: India’s air pollution standards are more relaxed in comparison to WHO’s prescribed guidelines. The current NCAP goal levels would not result in breathing air quality in the country, since pollution levels are so high over most of the country. Thus, efforts are needed to make the guidelines more stringent with revised targets.
Air-shed approach: Need to adopt an air-shed approach to take measures to deal with air pollution. Under this approach, the policymakers will have to plan actions keeping in view topographical, climatic, and other common elements that contribute to air pollution in the region.
Context: Last month, a Bench headed by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud had suggested that an expert committee conduct a “complete and comprehensive” study on the carrying capacity of the Himalayan region.
What is the concept of “carrying capacity”?
Carrying capacity of a biological species in a particular habitat refers to the maximum number of individuals (of that species) that the environment can carry and sustain, considering its geography or physical features.
The physical features present in the environment act as limiting factors (e.g. food, water, competition, etc.). Thus, the population limit can be expected to depend on these factors.
In essence, food availability is an important variable as it affects the population size of the species.
It does so in such a way that if food demand is not met over a given period of time the population size will eventually decrease until the resources become adequate.
By contrast, when food supply exceeds demand then the population size will soon increase and will stop increasing when the source is consequently depleted.
A population may grow at a faster rate and follow a J-shaped curve. When the birth rate surpasses the death rate of the species, this results in exponential growth. However, this trend soon changes as resources become limited. The growth rate slows down.
Soon, it reaches a stable equilibrium where biomass in the given area seems unchanged over a certain period of time. At this point, the death rate appears to be compensated by the birth rate within a population. This means the per capita birth rate equals the per capita death rate.
By contrast, when deaths appear to outgrow births, this indicates that the carrying capacity has been exceeded. This is a case of overshoot. The population may go below the carrying capacity. This can occur, for instance, during disease and parasitic outbreaks.
Factors affecting the carrying capacity of an ecosystem:
Chemical factors (e.g. pH, mineral deficiency, etc.)
Anthropogenic factors.
Note - The sum of these factors that end up restricting the biotic potential of a species is referred to as environmental resistance.
Why Himalayan ecosystem is unique?
These systems, with their steep slopes and sharp gradients, are heterogeneous and exhibit sharp and most often systemic changes in climatic variables over very short distances.
These features consequently result into enhanced changes in hydrological processes, with accelerated direct runoff and erosion.
Major rivers of the region have their origin from these mountains and are the source of water for a large proportion of the human population within and outside the mountain region.
Many of the world’s crops originate in mountains, a crucial resource that should be conserved for sustaining modern agriculture.
Natural wealth in the region, including geological assets, forms an important part of the Himalayan eco-system.
All this has contributed to a whole range of diversity in indigenous human habitations, cultures and knowledge systems. The region is largely inhabited by indigenous societies.
Therefore, sustaining biodiversity in the region also means protecting the interests of the people. The region serves as a rich repository of plant and animal wealth in diverse ecological systems. These ecosystems reflect a mosaic of biotic communities at various spatial and organizational levels.
Recognition of the Himalaya as one among 34 global biodiversity hotspots aptly reflects its’ wide ranging ecological significance.
The vulnerability of the biological and physical features of the Himalayan Ecosystem towards natural and human induced disturbances is well recognized. Immediate actions are required to ensure sustenance of the ecosystem.
Infrastructure effect on Himalayan region:
Infrastructure like dams, roads, hotels, industries etc are increasing the vulnerability of the Himalayan ecosystem in multiple ways. Joshimath crisis is one such example.
Following are the various impacts:
Slope destabilization - Large scale construction of roads, hotels, powerhouses etc. involves blasting, quarrying, deforestation and muck disposal which loosens slopes and destabilizes them.
Landslides - By disrupting underground streams and aquifers, tunnels can weaken slope stability leading to landslides (Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh 2022)
Earthquakes – Huge pressure is exerted by the large structures of the dams which in turn create fractures and faults in the rocks below generating earthquakes. For e.g – Koyna dam.
Erosion and desertification - Siltation in dams devoid the rivers of natural sediments. Soil downstream does not get enough nutrients and thus issues of soil erosion, desertification etc rises. Forced displacement - This destroys livelihood sources of indigenous communities further increasing their vulnerabilities.
How Climate Change is impacting Himalayas?
Variability in the volumetric flow of water in the rivers
Loss in biodiversity
Unsustainable changes in ecology
Glacier recession
Deforestation and degradation
Conditions for impending natural disasters
Dislocation of traditional societies dependent on the Himalayan ecosystem.
Proposed actions under National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem:
Continuous Monitoring of the Eco-system and Data Generation
Promoting research especially in Glacial areas
Ecological modelling and predicting climate change scenarios
Vulnerability assessment
Promoting sustainable forestry, sustainable agriculture and food security
Promoting regional cooperation involving domestic states as well as neighbouring countries.
Sustainable urbanization by waste management, traffic control, town planning and regulating tourism.
Building environmental awareness among the citizens
Context: Mexico is the latest country to consider passing a law to make ecocide a crime.
About Ecocide
It is human impact on the environment causing mass destruction to the environment.
It is defined as “as unlawful or wanton acts committed with knowledge that there is a substantial likelihood of severe and either widespread or long-term damage to the environment being caused by those acts”.
It is also refer as killing one’s home or environment refers to acts like port expansion projects, deforestation, illegal sand mining, polluting rivers and releasing untreated sewage, etc., that destroy fragile natural ecosystems and local livelihoods.
Commonly cited examples of ecocide include; deforestation during the Vietnam War, the destruction of the environment during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, deforestation in Indonesia and the Amazon rainforest, oil pollution in the Niger Delta and the Chernobyl disaster.
The term was popularised by Olof Palme when he accused the United States of ecocide at the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment.
There is no international law against ecocide that applies in peacetime, but the Rome Statute makes it a crime.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) deals with four atrocities: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The provision on war crimes is the only statute that can hold a perpetrator responsible for environmental damage, but only if it is intentional and in wartime.
Need for criminalising ecocide
Over a third of the earth’s animal and plant species could be extinct by 2050. Unprecedented heat waves have broken records worldwide. Changing rainfall schemes have disrupted flood and drought patterns.
Deforestation of the Amazon, deep-sea trawling or even the catastrophic 1984 Bhopal gas disaster could have been avoided with ecocide laws in place.
Ecocide laws could also double up as calls for justice for low- and middle-income countries disproportionately affected by climate change.
Global status of ecocide laws
It is a crime in 11 countries, with 27 others considering laws to criminalise environmental damage that is wilfully caused and harms humans, animals, and plants.
Countries that have criminalised ecocide include Vietnam, Ukraine, Russia etc.
The European Parliament penalise “mass destruction of flora and fauna”, “poisoning the atmosphere or water resources” or “deliberate actions capable of causing an ecological disaster.
India and Ecocide
Some Indian judgments have affirmed the legal personhood of nature by recognising rivers as legal entities with the right to maintain their spirit, identity, and integrity and some others have used the term ‘ecocide’ in passing but the concept hasn’t fully materialised in law. Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, and the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act (CAMPA) 2016, as well as separate Rules to prevent air and water pollution.
In Chandra CFS and Terminal Operators Pvt. Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Customs and Ors (2015), the Madras High Court noted: “the prohibitory activities of ecocide have been continuing unbridledly by certain section of people by removing the valuable and precious timbers”.
In an ongoing case, T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad vs Union of India & Ors, the Supreme Court called attention to an “anthropogenic bias” and argued that “environmental justice could be achieved only if we drift away from the principle of anthropocentric to ecocentric”.
Challenges: The National Green Tribunal, India’s apex environmental statutory body, does not have the jurisdiction to hear matters related to the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, the Indian Forest Act 1927, and other State-enacted laws.
Forest Conservation (Amendment) Bill 2023 and Biodiversity (Amendment) Bill 2023, which experts have said will dilute current legal protections and will lead to the loss of 20-25% of forest area in the country and the attendant biodiversity and ecosystem issues.
One critical challenge is to tackle problems of liability and compensation an example of the friction between committing to environmental protection and actual action. For example, survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster are still fighting for compensation.
Context: The Delhi Zoo has recently introduced a new animal species, the stump-tailed macaque, to its collection.
About The stump-tailed macaque
It is also called the bear macaque, is a species of macaque native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.
In India, it found in evergreen forests in South Asia, including parts of Northeast India in forests south of the Brahmaputra.
Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura.
It is primarily frugivorous, but eats many types of vegetation, such as seeds, leaves and roots, but also hunts freshwater crabs, frogs, bird eggs and insects.
The stump-tailed macaque has long, thick, dark brown fur covering its body, but its face and its short tail, are hairless.
Infants are born white and darken as they mature. As they age, their bright pink or red faces darken to brown or nearly black and lose most of their hair.
Males are larger than females.
It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of species.
Key Points:- The article discusses the progress of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), a flagship program launched in 2015 to rejuvenate the Ganga river.- It highlights that 7 years since its launch, the NMCG has been able to install sewage treatment plants (STPs) to treat only 20% of the estimated sewage generation in the 5 main Ganga basin states.
This is expected to increase to 33% by 2024.- As per NMCG's projections, STPs will be able to treat 60% of sewage by 2026.
This is based on estimated sewage generation of 11,765 million litres per day (MLD) in the Ganga basin states.- NMCG plans to set up STPs to treat 7,000 MLD sewage by 2026.
Remaining capacity will be set up by states.- Till July 2022, STPs to treat 2,665 MLD sewage have been commissioned. Maximum plants set up in Uttarakhand, UP and West Bengal. - The pace of project implementation and commissioning has picked up recently.
Nearly 60% of the installed capacity was added in 2022-23.- Challenges like land acquisition, issues with Detailed Project Reports and lack of state involvement had earlier slowed implementation.- Signs of improved water quality - increased dolphin population and presence in new stretches, increased fish species tolerant to clean water.
About NMCG
National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was registered as a society on 2011 under the Societies Registration Act 1860.
It acted as implementation arm of National Ganga River Basin Authority(NGRBA) which was constituted under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA),1986.
NGRBA has since been dissolved with effect from the 2016, consequent to constitution of National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection and Management of River Ganga (referred as National Ganga Council) under EPA 1986.
The Act envisages five tier structure at national, state and district level to take measures for prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga and to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga as below;
Empowered Task Force (ETF) on river Ganga under chairmanship of Hon’ble Union Minister of Jal Shakti (Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation).
NMCG has a two tier management structure and comprises of Governing Council and Executive Committee.
Both of them are headed by Director General, NMCG. Executive Committee has been authorized to accord approval for all projects up to Rs.1000 crore.
Similar to structure at national level, State Programme Management Groups (SPMGs) acts as implementing arm of State Ganga Committees.
Thus the newly created structure attempts to bring all stakeholders on one platform to take a holistic approach towards the task of Ganga cleaning and rejuvenation.
The Director General(DG) of NMCG is a Additional Secretary in Government of India. For effective implementation of the projects under the overall supervision of NMCG, the State Level Program Management Groups (SPMGs) are, also headed by senior officers of the concerned States.
Aim & Objective of NMCG
The core objectives of the National Mission for Clean Ganga include a range of targets, which include
The proposed approach involves the reconstruction and improvement of the current Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), with the implementation of prompt short-term measures aimed at mitigating pollution at the riverside departure points.
The primary objective is to effectively minimize the inflow of sewage into the river system.
In order to maintain a continuous flow of water while minimizing disruption to natural seasonal variations.
The objective is to effectively rehabilitate and sustain the levels of groundwater and surface flow.
The primary objective is to rehabilitate and maintain the indigenous flora within the region.
The primary objective is to save and restore the aquatic and riparian biodiversity within the river Ganga basin.
In order to facilitate public engagement in the protection, rehabilitation, and management of the river.
Initiatives Related to Ganga
NAMAMI GANGE PROGRAMME
The Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated Conservation Mission initiated by the Union Government in June 2014. It is regarded as a "Flagship Program" aimed at accomplishing two primary objectives: the efficient reduction of pollution and the preservation and rehabilitation of the National River Ganga.
The entity responsible for its operation is the Department of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The implementation of the project (SPMGs) is under the responsibility of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and its state equivalent organizations, known as State Initiative Management Groups.The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) serves as the operational entity of the National Ganga Council, assuming the responsibilities formerly held by the National Ganga River Basin Authority since 2016.
The organization has a capital of Rs 20,000 crore, which is centrally backed and non-lapsable. Additionally, it oversees a total of 288 projects.
The main components of the program are: Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure & Industrial Effluent Monitoring,Bio-Diversity & Tree plantations
Social Awareness River-Front Development & River-Surface Cleaning.
GANGA KNOWLEDGE CENTRE
The establishment of the Ganga Knowledge Centre (GKC) by the National Mission for Clean Ganga aims to enhance the execution of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) plan. The primary goals of the Ganga Knowledge Centre (GKC) encompass the establishment and administration of knowledge repositories, encompassing the analysis and modeling of various datasets pertinent to the Ganga River Basin. Additionally, the GKC aims to cultivate research innovation by identifying areas of knowledge deficiency, the necessity for novel concepts, and providing support for focused research endeavors. Furthermore, the GKC endeavors to promote discourse with stakeholders by engaging the general public and forging alliances with domestic and international universities, institutions, public and private entities, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
THE CENTRE FOR GANGA RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND STUDIES (CGANGA)
Established in 2016, the Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga) is a data collection centre to ensure sustainable development of Ganga River Basin. cGanga acts as a think tank for the National Mission for Clean Ganga, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR, RD & GR) and the Government of India.
National Ganga Council
The chairperson of the National Ganga Council is the Prime Minister.The establishment of the National Ganga Council is mandated under the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) of 1986.The entity has been entrusted with the overarching duty of overseeing the prevention and restoration of pollution in the River Ganga Basin, including the Ganga River and its several tributaries.The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) serves as the operational entity responsible for executing the objectives of the National Ganga Council.The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was created in 2011 as a recognized organisation.The organizational framework consists of a dual-level management system, which includes a Governing Council and an Executive Committee.The primary goals and objectives of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) include the following: to guarantee the efficient regulation of pollution and restoration of the Ganga river via the implementation of a river basin strategy, with the purpose of fostering inter-sectoral collaboration to facilitate comprehensive planning and management.The objective is to sustainably develop the river Ganga by implementing measures that preserve the minimal ecological flows, therefore safeguarding water quality and promoting environmentally responsible practices.
Currently, the National Mission for Clean Ganga encompasses more than just the task of cleaning the river.
It also strives to enhance the river's ecosystem and preserve its biodiversity via measures such as maintaining ecological flow, safeguarding wetlands, and conserving springs.
Additionally, there is an emphasis on revitalizing lesser rivers. Furthermore, the National Mission for Clean Ganga is doing research on other rivers, namely Yamuna and Ramganga, with the objective of formulating an environmental flow analysis (e-flow) for the Yamuna River and its principal tributaries.
The mission will further prioritize the enhancement of grassroots institutions and the implementation of community-driven programs.
Context:The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), estimates that fine particle pollution diminishes the average life expectancy of Indians by over five years. This comprehensive index, which links the longevity of individuals in over 200 countries to air quality, highlights that India is home to 77 of the most severely affected districts in terms of air quality.
More about the news:
In recent years, epidemiological research has established a connection between poor air quality and an increased susceptibility to various forms of cancer, cognitive disorders, and developmental issues in children.
Notably, a Lancet study conducted last year estimated that in 2019, India experienced the loss of 1.67 million lives due to diseases resulting from the inhalation of hazardous levels of PM 2.5 particles.
The challenge lies in the fact that these plans often continue to rely on ineffective past approaches, including punitive measures, without adequately recognizing the link between environmental problems and the ensuing public health crisis.
For nearly a decade, Delhi, in particular, only took action against pollution when it reached emergency levels. Even now, the city has made insufficient efforts to address the structural issues that make achieving satisfactory air quality for 100 days a year a rarity, especially given the geographical constraints, particularly during winter when pollutants become trapped.
According to last year's Lancet study, the economic losses resulting from pollution-related deaths and illnesses in 2019 amounted to nearly $37 billion, and a 2021 Dalberg report projected this figure could rise to $95 billion.
A country striving to become a $5 trillion economy cannot afford to neglect the well-being of its people.
Important highlights from by AQLI report:
Regarding rankings, India holds the unfortunate second position among countries most severely impacted by air pollution, with Bangladesh topping the list, followed by Nepal in third place.
Examining particulate pollution in South Asia reveals a concerning trend, with a 9.7 percent increase from 2013 to 2021. During this period, PM2.5 levels rose by 9.5 percent in India, 8.8 percent in Pakistan, and a significant 12.4 percent in Bangladesh.
In terms of pollution levels in India, they escalated from 56.2 µg/m3 in 2020 to 58.7 µg/m3 in 2021, exceeding the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m3 by more than tenfold.
When considering health risks, pollution emerges as the most substantial threat to human well-being in India, surpassing even cardiovascular diseases and child and maternal malnutrition in terms of its impact on life expectancy.
Particulate pollution alone reduces the average Indian's life expectancy by 5.3 years, while cardiovascular diseases decrease it by approximately 4.5 years, and child and maternal malnutrition by 1.8 years.
Delhi, recognized as the world's most polluted city, reported an annual average PM2.5 level of 126.5 µg/m3 in 2021, surpassing the World Health Organization's guideline of 5 µg/m3 by more than 25 times.
If current pollution levels persist, Delhi residents are projected to lose an average of 11.9 years of life expectancy compared to the WHO standard and 8.5 years relative to the national guideline.
What is Particulate Matter?
Particulate matter, abbreviated as PM, refers to the assortment of particles present in the atmosphere, encompassing substances like dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and tiny liquid droplets.
These particles remain suspended in the air for extended periods. Some of them are large or dark enough to be visible, resembling soot or smoke, while others are so minuscule that they can only be observed using an electron microscope.
Numerous natural and human-made sources release PM either directly or through the emission of other pollutants that react in the air and form PM.
Particles with a diameter less than 10 micrometers, often referred to as PM10, raise concerns for public health as they can be inhaled into the respiratory system and accumulate there.
Particles falling within the 2.5 to 10 micrometer diameter range are categorized as 'coarse.'
Meanwhile, particles with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers, termed as PM2.5, are considered 'fine' particles and are believed to pose the most significant health risks.
Exposure to fine particles can lead to short-term health effects such as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, resulting in symptoms like coughing, sneezing, a runny nose, and shortness of breath.
Additionally, exposure to fine particles can adversely affect lung function and exacerbate pre-existing medical conditions like asthma and heart disease.
Over the long term, prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter may be linked to higher rates of chronic bronchitis, decreased lung function, and increased mortality rates associated with lung cancer and heart disease.
What is Air Quality Life Index?
Annually, the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC) releases the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), which serves as a pollution index that translates particulate air pollution into a crucial metric: its impact on life expectancy.
The AQLI is built upon recent research that quantifies the cause-and-effect relationship between prolonged human exposure to air pollution and its effect on life expectancy.
To create this index, the research findings are combined with highly localized global measurements of particulate matter.
It has incorporated the revised guidelines set forth by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The WHO had updated its recommendations, lowering the acceptable limit for PM 2.5 from 10 micrograms per cubic meter to 5 micrograms per cubic meter.
The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) gauges the potential increase in life expectancy that communities could experience if they were to reduce air pollution levels in line with either the World Health Organization's recommended guideline or their own national standards.
The WHO's guideline deems annual exposure to particulate matter pollution as safe when it remains below 10 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³), and many countries also establish their own national air quality standards.
