Current Affairs

All (4049)Current Affairs (4038)Mains Practice (126)Mains PYQs by Subjects (40)

Reforms needed in Election Commission

Context: India recently celebrated its 75^th Constitution Day, in this context let us assess the success story of the Election Commission of India and the need for democratic electoral reforms.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Powers and functions of Election Commission of India

Mains: Reforms needed in Election Commission and Electoral system

About Election Commission of India

The Election Commission is a permanent and an independent body established by the Constitution of India directly to ensure free and fair elections in the country.
Article 324 of the Constitution provides that the power of superintendence, direction, and control of elections to parliament, state legislatures, the office of President of India and the office of Vice-President of India be vested in the election commission.
Thus, the Election Commission is an All-India body in the sense that it is common to both the Central government and the state governments.

Powers and functions: The powers and functions of the Election Commission with regard to elections to the Parliament, state legislatures and offices of President and Vice-President can be classified into three categories.

Administrative
Advisory
Quasi-Judicial

In detail, these powers and functions are:

To determine the territorial areas of the electoral constituencies throughout the country on the basis of the Delimitation Commission Act of Parliament.
To prepare and periodically revise electoral rolls and to register all eligible voters.
To notify the dates and schedules of elections and to scrutinize nomination papers.
To grant recognition to political parties and allot election symbols to them.
To act as a court for settling disputes related to granting of recognition to political parties and allotment of election symbols to them.
To appoint officers for enquiring into disputes relating to electoral arrangements.
To determine the code of conduct to be observed by the parties and the candidates at the time of elections.
To prepare a roster for publicity of the policies of the political parties on radio and TV in times of elections.
To advise the President on matters relating to the disqualifications of the members of Parliament.
To advise the governor on matters relating to the disqualifications of the members of the state legislature.
To cancel polls in the event of rigging, booth capturing, violence and other irregularities.
To request the President or the governor for requisitioning the staff necessary for conducting elections.
supervise the machinery of elections throughout the country to ensure free and fair elections.
advise the President whether elections can be held in a state under the president's rule in order to extend the period of emergency after one year.
To register political parties for the purpose of elections and grant them the status of national or state parties based on their poll performance.

The Election Commission is assisted by Deputy Election Commissioners, who are senior officers drawn from the Civil Services. They are appointed by the Commission and serve for a specified tenure.
At the state level, the Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer, who is appointed by the Chief Election Commissioner in consultation with the state government.
At the district level, the District Election Officer (usually the District Collector) acts as the District Returning Officer. This officer is responsible for appointing Returning Officers (ROs) for each constituency within the district and Presiding Officers for each polling station

Landmark judgements associated with Election Commission:

Union of India versus ADR, 2003: The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that the EC’s mandate for free and fair elections is absolute: “Democracy cannot survive without free and fair elections”
PUCL versus Union of India, 2003; NOTA judgment, 2013: “Free and fair elections is the basic structure of the Constitution”.
Mohinder Singh Gill versus CEC of India, 1977: “The heart of the parliamentary system is free and fair elections.
Electoral bonds case 2024: In February 2024, the apex court struck down electoral bonds as “unconstitutional and manifestly arbitrary” annulling all the legislative changes which had institutionalized and legalized crony capitalism in India.

Emerging issues faced by the electoral system of India today:

While several reforms have sought to improve the electoral system, many new challenges and threats have emerged, which, if not handled quickly, will derail our democracy.

Black money: The use of black money and the increasing criminalization in politics have assumed alarming proportions. In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, the number of members with criminal cases went up to 46 per cent and Crorepatis to 93 per cent.
Defections: Political defections have plagued government formations in the country since the 1960s. The Anti-Defection Law, 1985, also known as the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution has proved ineffective.

Reforms Demanded by the Election Commission (EC) to address the challenges:

Ceiling on Political Parties’ Expenditure: Similar to the expenditure limit imposed on individual candidates to ensure fair competition and prevent undue influence through excessive spending.
State Funding of Political Parties (Not Elections): Independent audits of political parties and state funding of political parties to enhance transparency and reduce dependency on private donations.
Ban on private donations: Complete prohibition of private funding to curb undue corporate or individual influence. Focus on state-controlled mechanisms to regulate financial inputs.
Establishment of a National Election Fund: Creation of an independent fund for tax-free donations and allocation of funds based on parties' electoral performance to ensure fairness.
Reforms in 2023 Amendment Act: The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Appointment and Service Condition and Terms of Office Act 2023 has missed out on protecting the two Election Commissioners from removal from office, so that they do not feel as if they are on probation and their elevation to CEC would be dependent on the government’s pleasure, this needs to be looked into in order to maintain the sanctity of the Commission

Despite these flaws, the Election Commission of India is one of the greatest gifts of the Constitution to the nation. The institution has stood the test of time and lived up to the trust of the nation as a powerful watchdog of democracy. Cooperation of the executive, legislature and the judiciary is required to keep our democracy strong. Only then can the largest democracy on the planet hope to become the greatest.

Demand for Mithilanchal State

Context: Bihar leader Rabri Devi has come forward with demand for creation of a separate Mithilanchal state to be carved out of existing Bihar.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Key provisions of Article 2, Article 3, Location of Mithilanchal, Process to create a new state in India

Mains: Benefits and challenges of State Reorganisation in India.

Provisions of Indian Constitution:

Article 2: Admission or Establishment of New States

Scope: Article 2 of the Indian constitution has conferred the power on the parliament of India for admitting and establishing a new state not originally part of India.
It deals with external states (E.g., integration of princely states post-independence).
It does not cover the reorganisation within existing Indian states or admission of a Union Territory.

Article 3: Formation and Alteration of States

Parliament may create new States by-
1. separating territory from any State
2. uniting two or more States
3. uniting parts of States
4. uniting any territory to a part of any State.
Parliament’s can also increase or diminish the area of any State and altering the boundaries or name of any State. (State here also includes a Union territory).

Note: Laws Made under Articles 2 and 3 are not considered as amendments to the Constitution under Article 368.

Procedure for Formation of New States:

A bill calling for formation of new States may be introduced in either House of Parliament only on the recommendation of the President.
Such a bill must be referred by the President to the concerned State Legislature for expressing its views to Parliament, if it contains provisions which affect the areas, boundaries or name of that State.
Parliament is not bound by these views of the concerned State Legislature in the process of enacting legislation for the formation of new States.

State Reorganisation in India:

Important Commissions and Committees on State Reorganisation:

1. S.K. Dhar Commission (1948)

Objective: To study the possibility of state reorganisation after independence.
Recommendation: Administrative convenience should be the primary justification for reorganisation rather than the linguistic or cultural factor.

2. JVP Committee (1948)

Members: Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Recommendations: Disapproved reorganisation on linguistic basis as it would potentially threaten national integration due to linguistic divisions.

3. Fazl Ali Commission (1953)

Objective: To establish a framework for reorganisation with a proper consideration for the diversities of India.
Recommendations: Identified four factors for state reorganisation;
1. Preservation and strengthening of unity and security of the country
2. Linguistic and cultural homogeneity
3. Financial, economic and administrative considerations
4. Planning and promotion of welfare of people and nation as a whole.
It proposed the formation of 14 States and 6 Union Territories. Parliament implemented its recommendations through the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956.

Factors driving Statehood Demands:

Linguistic Diversity has been central to identity politics. E.g., Formation of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960, as a result of the Mahagujarat and Samyukta Maharashtra movements.
Regional Inequities: Economic neglect and underdevelopment in hope for better governance through smaller states. E.g.,
- Formation of Jharkhand (2000) addressed tribal marginalisation in the mineral-rich Chotanagpur Plateau.
- Demand for Vidarbha in Maharashtra, Bundelkhand spanning Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Cultural and Ethnic Identity: Groups with unique traditions, languages, and customs often seek statehood to preserve their distinctiveness. E.g., Gorkhaland in West Bengal, Bodoland in Assam.
Administrative Efficiency: Proponents argue smaller states are easier to administer and more responsive to local needs. E.g., Demand for Purvanchal (eastern Uttar Pradesh) seeks to address governance issues in overpopulated, underdeveloped regions.

Arguments against Formation of New States:

Economic Burden: Establishing new capitals and administrative structures involves significant costs. E.g., Andhra Pradesh’s plan for Amaravati capital infrastructure is estimated to exceed ₹40,000 crore.
Inter-State Disputes: Resource sharing often becomes contentious. E.g., The Cauvery water dispute escalated after the reorganisation of states in southern India.
Boundary Conflicts: The boundary-drawing process for new states may take a long time to resolve. E.g., The Belagavi dispute between Karnataka and Maharashtra is still pending.
Political Fragmentation: Fragmentation along narrow identity or parochial lines may weaken the Indian federal structure. E.g., The creation of new states may encourage further demands, such as Vidarbha, Gorkhaland, and Rayalaseema.

Way Forward:

Address Root Causes: Focus on equitable development of underdeveloped regions within existing states to reduce grievances.
Comprehensive Framework for Statehood: Outline explicit parameters for state formation that clearly take into account the state's economic viability, administrative effectiveness, and national interest. E.g., All proposed states should be capable of generating more than 50% of their required funds at the initial level to minimise reliance on Centre’s aid.
Stakeholder Involvement: Set up specialised committees comprising members from relevant districts to assess the new state's implications.
Improved Local Government: Devolution of power is effectively done through Panchayati Raj Institutions and Municipal Reforms to cater to local needs without dividing the states

Mithilanchal region:

Geographical and historical details:

Mithila (also known as Tirhut or Mithilanchal) is a historical and cultural region located in the eastern part of India and the southern plains of Nepal.
Mithila spans across the northern parts of Bihar in India and extends into the Terai region of Nepal.
The region is primarily characterised by its fertile plains formed by the rivers Gandak, Bagmati, Kamala etc.
According to Hindu mythology, it is believed to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita (the consort of Lord Rama). Ancient texts like the Vedas and epics like the Ramayana mention Mithila as a prominent kingdom.

Cultural Significance:

Art and Crafts: Mithila is renowned for its distinctive art form called Madhubani painting, which originated here.
Literature: The Maithili language (a regional Indo-Aryan language) is spoken and has a significant body of literature. Vidyapati Thakur, a medieval poet, is highly revered for his contributions to Maithili literature.
Traditions and Festivals: Various festivals like Chhath Puja (a sun-worshipping festival) hold immense significance.

Social and Economic Aspects:

Agriculture: Agriculture forms the backbone of the economy in Mithila. The fertile plains support the cultivation of rice, maize, pulses, and other crops.
Social Structure: The society primarily follows a patriarchal system, and traditional norms and values play a significant role in shaping social interactions and hierarchies.

Moiré Materials exhibit Superconductivity

Context: Recently, scientists have discovered that moiré materials made from semiconductor materials can exhibit the phenomenon of superconductivity. This breakthrough opens the door for developing new quantum materials.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims- Moiré Material, Superconductors (properties and applications)

What are Moiré Materials?

Moiré materials are created by stacking two layers of a two-dimensional material and then twisting one layer at a small angle.
The misalignment caused by the small twist produces a completely different pattern known as the moiré pattern. This significantly alters the material's electronic properties and facilitates its unusual applications.

The Recent Breakthrough:

The researchers explored superconductivity in twisted bilayer tungsten diselenide (tWSe₂). It is a moiré material created by stacking two layers of tungsten diselenide (a semiconductor) and rotating one layer by a small angle. The critical transition temperature for superconductivity in this material was observed at approximately –272.93°C.
Earlier, the moire material made up from graphene had also displayed superconductivity.

What are Superconductors?

Superconductors are materials that when cooled to temperatures ranging from near absolute zero (0 degrees Kelvin, -273 degrees Celsius) have zero resistance or do not resist the flow of current. The temperature at which electrical resistance is zero is called the critical temperature (Tc) and this temperature is a characteristic of the material. E.g., Aluminium, Niobium, Magnesium diboride, Yttrium barium copper oxide display superconducting properties.
However, every superconductor made so far has required extraordinarily high pressures (millions of Pascal), and very low temperatures. E.g., Aluminium becomes superconducting at temperatures lower than (minus) –250° C.

Hence, scientists have been looking for such materials for decades which can remain superconductors at room temperature.

Important properties of Superconductors:

Electronic effect (Infinite conductivity with Zero resistance): When the temperature of superconductors is reduced below a critical temperature, its resistance suddenly reduces to zero and thus it offers infinite conductivity. E.g., Mercury becomes a superconductor below 4 kelvin.

Magnetic effect (Complete expulsion of Magnetic field): Superconductors are diamagnetic i.e., they oppose the magnetic field or do not allow the magnetic field lines to penetrate them. (This phenomenon is called the Meissner effect)
- However, there is a certain value of the magnetic field (critical magnetic field) beyond which the superconductors lose superconductivity and convert into conductors.

Significance or utility of Superconductors:

Elimination of the loss of energyas electricity moves along the wire would mean longer-lasting batteries and more-efficient power grids.
- Need: Presently, a portion of the electricity generated at every power plant is lost during transmission because the wires and cables that carry the current have electrical resistance.
Potential applications include- Magnetic-energy storage systems, magnetic levitation trains, superconducting magnetic refrigerators, etc.
Huge potential for revolutionary technologies, including efficient quantum computers, as superconductors can exhibit quantum phenomena.

Challenges in utilising Superconductors:

Maintaining Low Operating Temperatures: Most superconductors require liquid helium or nitrogen cooling, making them expensive to maintain.
High Pressure Requirement: Some materials only exhibit superconductivity under millions of Pascals of pressure.
Scalability: Manufacturing and deploying superconducting materials at an industrial scale remain challenging.

Common concerns of National Commissions

Context: At a joint meeting recently, the National Commissions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, and Minorities discussed “common issues” they faced, which included officials evading summonses and organisations refusing to follow recommendations by getting stay orders from courts.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Facts about various National Commissions.

Mains: Challenges faced by National Commissions.

Body	Nature	Functions	Powers
National Commission for STs	Constitutional body	-Investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the respective vulnerable sections under Constitution or under any other law and evaluate the working of such safeguards. -Inquire into any complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards given to the respective vulnerable sections. -Advise the governments on matters relating to the socio-economic development of the respective sections. -Present the report on working of the safeguards provided to the respective vulnerable sections to the president, who in turn tables it in the parliament.	All these Commissions have all the powers of a Civil Court in respect of the summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and requiring the production of any document in the process of investigation.
National Commission for SCs	Constitutional body
National Commission for Backward Classes	Constitutional body
National Commission for Women	Statutory body
National Commission for Safai Karamcharis	Non-statutory body

Common Challenges faced by these Commissions:

Non-Binding Recommendations: Despite having extensive investigative powers, the recommendations made by these commissions are not legally binding, limiting their effectiveness in enforcing necessary changes.
Litigation Issues: These commissions often face legal challenges that can delay or nullify their operational effectiveness. For example, higher judicial bodies may issue stays on the commission's notices or directives, hampering their ability to address complaints effectively.

E.g., Recently, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes highlighted issues with officials from the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) who avoided responding to notices issued by the commission by obtaining a stay from a higher court.

Inadequate Parliamentary Discussion: Even when reports are tabled in Parliament, they are frequently not discussed or acted upon, which diminishes the accountability and impact of the commissions’ findings.
Political Appointments: The appointment processes for chairpersons and members can be influenced by political considerations, which may affect the impartiality and effectiveness of the commissions.
Insufficient Resources: Many commissions face budgetary constraints and a lack of adequate staff to handle the increasing volume of complaints and reviews of welfare programs, limiting their capacity to function effectively.

India’s corneal blindness problem

Context: India is facing an acute shortage of corneas required for transplantation, whereas the cases of corneal blindness in the country are on the rise.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Cornea; Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994

Mains: Ethical issue- balancing individual consent and public good in medical practices.

Corneal Blindness in India

Prevalence: Corneal blindness, a leading cause of vision impairment in India, with the country seeing an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 new cases every year.
Corneal blindness is vision loss due to damage or scarring of the cornea (the eye's transparent outer layer).
- Reasons include- Infectious diseases like keratitis, eye trauma, injuries, congenital conditions and deficiencies like vitamin-A.
- Without timely treatment, it can lead to irreversible blindness.
Annual Requirement: Approximately 1,00,000 corneal transplants.
Availability: Only 30% of corneal transplants demand is met.
Infrastructure Deficit:
- India has only 12–14 high-functioning eye banks against the required 50 facilities.
- Shortage of skilled corneal surgeons with a current need for 500 active specialists.

Policy Proposals: Presumed Consent vs. Required Request:

The Ministry of Health is proposing a policy to allow corneal retrieval from deceased patients without prior family consent, aiming to address the shortage.
It will require a ‘presumed consent’ amendment to the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994 to allow cornea retrieval from all eligible deaths in hospitals.

1. Presumed Consent:

Definition: All deceased individuals are treated as donors unless they have explicitly opted out.
Advantages: Quicker organ-retrieval, the process is simplified by by-passing the requirement of consent from the next-of-kin. (Corneas need to be retrieved within eight to 10 hours after death)
Issues: Undermines public trust due to lack of explicit consent.

2. Required Request:

Definition: Seeking consent explicitly from the next-of-kin of the deceased person even if a presumed consent law exists.
Advantages: Builds trust between donors, recipients and the healthcare system.
Challenges: Time-consuming and requires counselling at hospitals.

India’s Hospital Cornea Retrieval Programme (HCRP):

India has a successful model of ‘required request’ corneal donation: a hospital cornea retrieval programme (HCRP).
In an HCRP, a grief counsellor approaches the kin of the deceased and initiates a conversation, gently motivating them to consider a donation. The donation is processed only after receiving explicit consent from the kin.
- Of the 1,40,000 corneas harvested by the Ramayamma International Eye Bank in Hyderabad, over 70% have come from HCRP.

Way Forward

Programs focusing on eye health education and nutritional support, particularly with Vitamin-A supplementation for vulnerable populations.
Widespread educational campaigns using media and community events to inform the public about the significance of eye donation, the processes involved, and its positive impact.
Building high-functioning eye banks, training corneal surgeons and building specialised units for grief-counseling in general hospitals.
Enhance collaboration between public health bodies, NGOs, and private healthcare providers.

It is therefore possible for India to eliminate avoidable corneal vision loss by investing in a consent-driven donation paradigm, 50 high-functioning eye banks, and by activating 500 corneal surgeons.

India-US semiconductor Partnership

Context: The Indian government has been consistently giving a push to the semiconductor sector in India. In the light of the recent re-election of Donald Trump as US President, it is important to see how the existing cooperation in critical technology sectors like semiconductor shapes up.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Key facts about Semiconductors, India-USA Semiconductor Partnership, India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

Mains: Role of semiconductors in economic growth (factors favouring & challenges associated)

About Semiconductors

Definition: Materials with electrical properties that fall between those of conductors (e.g., metals) and insulators (e.g., rubber).
They are sometimes referred to as integrated circuits (ICs) or microchips made from pure elements, typically silicon or germanium, or compounds like gallium arsenide.
Key Components: Diodes, transistors, microchips, photovoltaic cells, LEDs, and mounted piezo-electric crystals.
Applications:
- Electronics: Foundational components in computers, smartphones, LEDs.
- Renewable Energy: Used in solar cells.
- Defence and Space: Integral to missile guidance systems and satellite communication.

India’s Semiconductor Industry:

Current Scenario: Valued at US$ 26.3 billion in 2022; projected to grow at a CAGR of 26.3% to US$ 271.9 billion by 2032.

Factors favouring India:

Skilled Workforce: India produces a record number of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) graduates annually, which offers the much-needed skilled workforce.
Strong R&D: India leads globally in semiconductor chip design, research & development.
Cost Advantages: Lower labor costs compared to developed nations.
Global Supply Chain Diversification: India has become a preferred destination for back-end assembly and testing operations amidst diversification of global supply chains to reduce reliance on China. India can position itself as an alternative manufacturing hub.
Policy Support: India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), 100% automatic route for investments in the Electronics Systems Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) sector, Establishment of semiconductor plants. (In February 2024, the government approved the establishment of three semiconductor plants, two in Gujarat and one in Assam)

India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

Launched in 2021 with a financial outlay of ₹76,000 crore
Aim: To promote the domestic semiconductor industry through incentives and strategic partnerships.
Focus Areas:
1. Integrated Circuit (IC) design and manufacturing
2. Semiconductor packaging and assembly
3. Testing and validation of semiconductor devices
4. Advanced materials and process technologies
5. Design automation and tool development
6. Skill development and human resource capacity building

Implementing agency: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

Under ISM, government offers incentives to attract investment in semiconductor and display manufacturing:
- Semiconductor Fab Scheme: Fiscal support on project costs for semiconductor fabs across all technology nodes.
- Display Fab Scheme: Fiscal support of 50% for setting up display fabs for advanced display technologies.
- Compound Semiconductor Scheme: Fiscal support of 50% of the capital expenditure for compound semiconductors, discrete semiconductor fabs, ATMP units, and semiconductor packaging.
- on an equal footing basis, including support for discrete semiconductor fabs.
- Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme: Promotes domestic semiconductor design companies by providing financial incentives of up to 50% of eligible expenditures. Includes reimbursement for approved costs of software tools, IPs, and prototyping.

India-USA Semiconductor Partnership:

1. iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies):

Launch: 2023
Objective: Foster collaboration in critical technologies like semiconductors, AI, 5G, and quantum computing.
Significance:
- Facilitates dual-use technology transfer.
- Streamline defense and tech cooperation via frameworks like INDUS-X.
- Promotes R&D and encourages co-investments in semiconductor design and manufacturing.

2. CHIPS Act Collaboration:

International Technology Security and Innovation (ITSI) Fund:
- Created under the US CHIPS Act (2022).
- Supports India's efforts to enhance its semiconductor ecosystem by funding critical infrastructure and R&D.
- Facilitates cross-border investments and diversification of global supply chains.

3. INDUS-X Initiative:

Collaboration between: India's iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) and the US Defense Innovation Unit (DIU).
Purpose: To promote innovation in defense technologies, including semiconductors for military applications.
Focus: Security-focused chip designs; applications in green energy and telecommunications.

4. Shakti Fab:

Description: A proposed semiconductor fabrication plant in India, developed in collaboration with the US Space Force and Indian private players like Bharat Semi and 3rdiTech.
Focus Areas:
- Production of multi-material chips for national security, green energy, and telecommunications.
- Enhancing India's chip manufacturing capabilities for strategic applications.

The partnership is important for several reasons, including:

Reducing reliance on China for semiconductors, which are an essential component of many modern products.
Building a strong relationship for India and the US to stand up to China's growing influence.
Making the global supply chain more stable and secure.

What are the challenges facing India?

High Cost of establishment: Fabs are highly capital-intensive undertakings, costing billions of dollars for large facilities. As per a government estimate, it would cost roughly $5-$7 billion to set up a chip fabrication unit in India.
Low Ease of doing business: The process of establishing an indigenous semiconductor facility requires clearances and approvals from multiple government departments.
Technological Constraint: The indigenous manufacturing of semiconductors requires the use of high-end technologies. These technologies are licensed from patent holders at a very high price.
Lack of Fabrication Capacities: India has a decent chip design talent but it never built up chip fab capacity. The ISRO and the DRDO have their respective fab foundries but they are primarily for their own requirements and are also not as sophisticated as the latest in the world.
Structural constraint: FDI in electronics is less than 1% of the total FDI inflow because of the dearth of skilled labor, delays in land acquisition, and the uncertain tax regime.
Unstable power supply: The smooth production of semiconductors requires the availability of an uninterrupted 24*7 power supply. They require a highly reliable and high-quality supply of water, electricity, and insulation from the elements, reflecting the high degree of precision, cost and capital needed to make the sophisticated circuits.
Resource Inefficient Sector: Chip fabs require millions of litres of clean water, an extremely stable power supply, a lot of land and a highly skilled workforce.

Conclusion: The India-US semiconductor partnership holds the potential to transform India into a significant player in the global semiconductor ecosystem. With strategic investments, robust domestic policy support, India can achieve technological self-reliance while contributing to global supply chain resilience.

India’s Expanding Space Horizon: Thumba and Beyond

Context: India’s Space Journey which began modesty six decades ago has now transitioned into an era of global collaboration and private-sector participation. It is a testimony to the country’s expanding space ecosystem.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: GSAT-N2 satellite, Proba-3 Mission, Square Kilometre Array Observatory.

Mains: Gist of India’s space journey, Some examples of Private-sector participation in the Space sector.

The Historical Context:

November 1963: Indian scientists launched a Nike-Apache sounding rocket from Thumba, Kerala. These rockets helped the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) master solid propellant technology, a foundation for India's launch vehicle capabilities.

India’s Expanding Space Horizon: Thumba and Beyond

Evolution to Global Participation:

Fast forward to 2024, India not only launches satellites for domestic needs but also collaborates internationally.

GSAT-N2 satellite launch:
- Recently, India launched GSAT-N2 satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Florida, the US.
- The satellite, weighing 4700 kg, exceeded the payload capacity of India’s most powerful rocket, the Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM-3), necessitating its launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9.
- It is a Ka-band high-throughput satellite to enhance broadband services in underserved areas, including the northeast, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep. It will also support services like in-flight internet connectivity and the Smart Cities Mission.
- The satellite is built by ISRO and will be placed in the geostationary orbit.
Upcoming PSLV-C59 Mission: PSLV-C59 mission scheduled for December 4, 2024. It will carry the European Proba-3 spacecraft to study the Sun, using extended length configuration of ISRO’s trusted Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-XL).
Indian Astronauts in Training: India’s astronaut-designate Shubhanshu Shukla, who is set to fly to the International Space Station in 2025, is undergoing training at the European Space Agency’s European Astronaut Centre.
India Joins SKAO: In 2024, India became a full member of the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO). SKAO is an international effort to build the world’s most advanced radio telescope in Australia and South Africa. India will contribute financially as well as in advanced electronics and engineering for telescope components in exchange for scientific data collected by the telescope.

Recent Scientific Advancements:

India’s first Space Analog Mission:
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced the launch of its first analog space mission at Leh in Ladakh, simulating lunar and Martian conditions.
- This setup will help study the challenges astronauts will face in a base station beyond Earth and gather critical data that will support India’s Gaganyaan program and future missions.
Biological Experiments on Bharatiya Antariksh Station: The Departments of Space and of Biotechnology have signed agreements to conduct biological experiments aboard India’s forthcoming Bharatiya Antariksh Station, marking a leap in interdisciplinary research.
Breakthroughs from Aditya-L1: A team led by researchers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, used data from Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) instrument onboard Aditya-L1 to accurately predict the time of a coronal mass ejection, demonstrating India's capability in space weather research.

Private Sector Participation:

Pixxel’s Fireflies (India-American firm): A set of six hyperspectral satellites are expected to be launched early next year. Each satellite weighs around 50 kg, has a native 5 m spatial resolution, and scans 40-km swaths for data in more than 150 spectral bands. These satellites constitute the first batch in a proposed constellation of 24 satellites. These satellites will provide data that can help detect crop diseases, water-stressed areas, real-time deforestation, and ocean pollution early.
GalaxEye Space’s Tech Demo: A payload on board the PSLV’s Orbital Experimental Module (POEM) platform. The Tech Demo will test subsystems of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
PierSight Space’s Varuna Mission: A payload on PSLV POEM called ‘Varuna’, which will demonstrate a deployable reflectarray antenna and test SAR and aeronautical information service avionics in orbit.
HEX20’s Nila Satellite: A 5-kg cubesat satellite to be launched on SpaceX’s Transporter 13 mission in February 2025. The cubesat will host different payloads and provide data-processing services. A ground station will be built in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, to control and receive data from the satellite.
SatSure: SatSure is working with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEiTY) to map rural property across over two lakh villages. ‘Svamvita’ programme will capture images of 3-5 cm resolution and SatSure will use its machine-learning tools developed for satellite data to extract and classify the relevant features (building footprints, roof type, roads, and water bodies).

One Nation One Subscription

Context: The Union Cabinet has approved a budgetary allocation of Rs 6,000 crore for the newly launched initiative ‘One Nation One Subscription’ (ONOS).

Relevance of the topic: Prelims- Key facts about One Nation One Subscription initiative.

About One Nation One Subscription

ONOS is an initiative to facilitate better access to academic resources to India’s higher education institutions (HEIs).
Implementation: INFLIBNET Centre (Information and Library Network Centre) in Gandhinagar. It is an Inter-University Centre of the University Grants Commission under the Ministry of Education.
Scheme operation from: January 1, 2025.
Conceptualization: The initiative stems from the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasised research as a critical pillar for achieving excellence in education and national development. ONOS aims to democratise access to knowledge and promote research in India.

Current Mechanism for Journal Access:

HEIs currently access journals through 10 different library consortia, under the administrative control of various ministries.
- A library consortium is a group of two or more libraries that have agreed to share resources among its members.
- E.g., INFLIBNET Centre oversees the UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium providing access to scholarly journals and databases.
HEIs also subscribe to several journals individually.

Key Features of One Nation One Subscription:

Centralised/ Single-Point Access: ONOS aims to centralise journal subscriptions for nearly 6,300 government-run institutions, offering access to 13,000 scholarly journals (published by 30 international publishers) under a single platform hosted by INFLIBNET.
- Publishers include: Elsevier Science Direct (including Lancet), Springer Nature, Wiley Blackwell, IEEE, Sage Publishing, American Chemical Society, and American Mathematical Society etc.
- Whether ONOS will also cover private HEIs is still undecided.
Equity in Access: HEIs from Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities will have the same access as premier institutions. Institutions need to register on the ONOS platform to use it.
Flexibility: HEIs can still individually subscribe to journals not covered under ONOS.

Benefits of One Nation One Subscription:

Enhanced Accessibility: Expand access to the best scholarly journals for 55 lakh to nearly 1.8 crore students, faculty, and researchers across roughly 6,300 government universities, colleges, research bodies, and Institutions of National Importance (INIs), including those in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.
Cost Efficiency: Avoid duplication of journal subscriptions across different library consortia and individual HEIs to reduce excess expenditure.
Data-driven Insights: Allows the government to analyse journal download and usage by HEIs, and accordingly improve resource allocation, and encourage under-utilising institutions to maximise benefits.

Women members of Constituent Assembly

Context: On Constitution Day (November 26), the President of India recalled the role of women members in the Constituent Assembly of India.

Relevance of the topic: Prelims- Key facts about Women personalities.

Background:

The Constituent Assembly was the body tasked with formulating the Constitution of independent India.
It was constituted on December 9, 1946 under the framework of Cabinet Mission Plan (1946).
It had 299-members, including 15 women members (of whom two later resigned).
- Begum Aizaz Rasul was the only Muslim woman in the Assembly.
- Two women members- Annie Mascarene and Malati Choudhury resigned later.

Women members of Constituent Assembly:

S.No.	Women personalities	Important facts
1	Sarojini Naidu	• From Hyderabad
		• Popularly known as the “Nightingale of India” Participated in the Dandi March with Gandhiji (1930)
		• Presided over the Kanpur Session of Congress in 1925 (First Indian woman President). First Woman President of INC was Annie Besant.
		• First woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh.
		• Her famous poetries include - The Golden Threshold (1905), The Feather of the Dawn; The Bird of Time (1912) and The Broken Wing (1917).
2	Sucheta Kripalani	• From Ambala, Punjab
		• Key role in Quit India Movement (1942)
		• Worked closely with Gandhiji during Partition riots and assisted in peacebuilding efforts in Noakhali (now Bangladesh).
		• Actively contributed in drafting the Indian Constitution, especially issues concerning women’s rights and labor welfare.
		• First woman Chief Minister of India (CM of Uttar Pradesh)
3	Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit	• From Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Daughter of Motilal Nehru, sister of Jawaharlal Nehru.
		• Imprisoned thrice by the British for her involvement in Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.
		• First Woman Cabinet Minister in Pre-Independent India (1946).
		• First Woman President of the UN General Assembly (1953).
		• Championed women’s rights and promoted India’s role as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.
4	Rajkumari Amrit Kaur	• From Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
		• Actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha (1930) and the Quit India Movement (1942).
		• Co-founded the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1927: To promote women's education and rights.
		• First woman cabinet minister in independent India (portfolio: Health)
		• Instrumental in establishing institutions like the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
5	Ammu Swaminathan	• From Palakkad, Kerala.
		• Strongly opposed the rules imposed on widows, such as shaving the head and renouncing jewellery.
		• In the Constituent Assembly, she spoke about the Hindu Code Bill and gender equality.
6	Annie Mascarene	• From Travancore, Kerala
		• Joined Travancore State Congress, advocating for a government based on universal adult franchise.
		• In the Constituent Assembly, she advocated the need for a strong Centre, while simultaneously emphasising the autonomy of local governments.
7	Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul	• From Punjab
		• Joined the Muslim League, campaigning for causes linked to women.
		• Opposed separate electorates based on religion.
8	Dakshayani Velayudhan	• From Kochi, Kerala
		• Belonged to the Pulaya community, considered a “slave”.
		• Social reformer and active participant in the Dalit movement.
		Disagreed with Dr. Ambedkar on the need for separate electorates for Dalits, saying the provision highlighted differences and was against nationalism.
9	Renuka Ray	• From Pabna, present-day Bangladesh
		• Activism for women’s issues, such as the rights to divorce and inheritance & active participation in the freedom struggle.
		• In the Constituent Assembly, she discussed issues like the Hindu Code Bill and opposed women’s reservation in legislatures.

PAN 2.0 Project

Context: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved for the PAN 2.0 Project of the Income Tax Department. The PAN 2.0 Project will cost Rs 1435 crore.

Relevance of the topic: Prelims- Key facts about PAN 2.0.

About PAN 2.0 project

Aim: To modernise the existing PAN system, introducing new features such as a QR code and transforming PAN into a common identifier for businesses and digital systems.
Key Features:
- It is an upgrade from the current PAN/TAN 1.0 ecosystem to incorporate core and non-core PAN/TAN activities under a unified, paperless, online system.
- A QR code will be integrated in all new and old PAN cards. Existing PAN card holders can upgrade their PAN cards free of cost.
- PAN will be made as a common business identifier for all digital systems of specified government agencies and businesses. All PAN/ TAN/ TIN will be clubbed under this system.
PAN 2.0 project aims to set up a unified portal along with a “mandatory PAN data vault system” for all entities using PAN data. This is being done for data protection and cybersecurity purposes.
- The entities such as banks, insurance companies etc. who take details of PAN will have to keep PAN data safely, mandatorily through the data vault system.

Benefits of PAN 2.0:

Ease of access and speedy service delivery with improved quality
Single Source of Truth and data consistency
Eco-friendly processes and cost optimisation; and
Security and optimisation of infrastructure for greater agility.

Significance:

For businesses, PAN 2.0 would offer a seamless, common system for filing various tax challans and returns.

Existing identification numbers:

1. Permanent Account Number:

Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a 10-digit alphanumeric number that enables the Income Tax Department to link all transactions of a person with the department. These transactions include tax payments, Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) / Tax Collected at Source (TCS) credits, returns of income, specified transactions.
PAN acts as an identifier for the person with the tax department. Once PAN is allotted, it remains the same forever. It is mandatory to quote PAN on filing of income tax return.

2. Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number:

Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number (TAN) is a 10-digit alphanumeric number issued by the Income Tax Department.
TAN needs to be obtained by all persons responsible for deducting or collecting tax at source. It is compulsory to quote TAN in TDS/TCS return, any TDS/TCS payment challan, TDS/TCS certificates.

Atal Innovation Mission 2.0

Context: The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) with an enhanced scope and a budget of Rs. 2750 crores until March 31, 2028.

Relevance of the topic: Prelims- Key provisions of Atal innovation Mission

About Atal Innovation Mission 2.0

AIM 2.0 is an upgrade over the original mission AIM 1.0 to expand, strengthen, and deepen India’s vibrant innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem.
Implementation: Centrally Sponsored scheme by NITI Aayog.
Vision: To create a robust innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem, boost India’s Global Innovation Index rank (currently 39) and enhance its startup ecosystem (third-largest in the world).

AIM 2.0 vs AIM 1.0

AIM 1.0: Focused on building innovation infrastructure like Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) and Atal Incubation Centers (AIC).
AIM 2.0:
- Piloting new initiatives to fill gaps in the innovation ecosystem by involving central and state governments, industry, academia and community.
- Aims to:
  1. Increase input (i.e., ushering more innovators and entrepreneurs)
  2. Improving the success rate/ throughput (i.e., helping more startups succeed)
  3. Improving the quality of ‘output’ (i.e., producing better jobs, products and services)

Key initiatives under AIM 2.0

1. Increase Input:

Language Inclusive Program of Innovation (LIPI):
- To build innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystems in India’s 22 scheduled languages
- Establish 30 Vernacular Innovation Centers
Frontier Program:
- Customise innovation ecosystem templates for J&K, Ladakh, NE states, Aspirational Districts and Blocks, benefiting 15% of India’s population.

2. Improving Throughput:

Human Capital Development Program
- Train 5500 professionals to build, operate and maintain innovation systems.
Deeptech Reactor:
- Research sandbox for testing ways of commercializing research-based deep tech startups.
State Innovation Mission (SIM):
- Assist states/UTs with building a strong innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem that focuses on their areas of strength.
International Innovation Collaborations program for interventions like:
- Annual Global Tinkering Olympiad
- Establish 10 bi-lateral, multilateral engagements with advanced nations
- Be a knowledge partner of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to spread models of AIM to global south
- Anchoring the Startup20 Engagement Group of the G20 for India.

3. Improving the quality of ‘output’:

Industrial Accelerator program:
- Develop minimum 10 Industry Accelerators in critical sectors in Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode.
Atal Sectoral Innovation Launchpads (ASIL) program:
- Create minimum 10 iDEX-like platforms to integrate startups into key sectors of central ministries.

Atal Innovation Mission 1.0

Government of India’s flagship initiative to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship.
Objective: To create and promote an ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship across the country at school, university, research institutions, MSME and industry levels.
Launched: 2016.
Implementing Agency: NITI Aayog
Some of the components of AIM: Atal Tinkering Labs, Atal Incubation Centres, Atal New India Challenge, Mentor of Change Program, Atal Community Innovation Center and Atal Research & Innovation for Small Enterprises (ARISE).
All the initiatives of AIM are currently monitored and managed systematically using real-time MIS systems and dynamic dashboards.

SC upholds inclusion of ‘socialist’, ‘secular’ in Preamble

Context: The Supreme Court has recently dismissed petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the 42^nd amendment to the Indian Constitution which added the words ‘secular’ and ‘socialist’ to the Preamble of the Constitution. As per SC, “these terms have achieved widespread acceptance, with their meanings understood by ‘We, the people of India’ without any semblance of doubt”.

Relevance of the topic: Prelims- Key facts about the terms ‘Socialism’ and ‘Secularism’.

Background:

The Preamble so far has been amended only once by the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act, during the Emergency days in 1976.
The amendment had added three new words Socialist, Secular and Integrity to the Preamble. This amendment has subsequently been held to be valid.

About Socialism:

The term ‘Socialist’ was added by the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act, but even before:
- The Constitution had a socialist content or principles which were reflected in certain Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
- The Congress party adopted a resolution to establish a 'socialistic pattern of society' in its Avadi session in 1955 and took measures accordingly.
Nature of Indian Socialism:
- The Indian brand of socialism emphasises ‘democratic socialism’, promoting a mixed economy (co-existence of public and private sectors).
  - As the Supreme Court says, 'Democratic socialism aims to end poverty, ignorance, disease, and inequality of opportunity.’
- It is distinct from ‘state socialism’ or 'communistic socialism' (communism), which involves the nationalisation of all means of production and distribution and the abolition of private property.
- It is a blend of Marxism and Gandhism, leaning heavily towards Gandhian socialism, emphasising equity and dignity.
Impact of Economic Reforms (1991): The New Economic Policy (1991) of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation has diluted India’s overt socialist credentials, leading to a more market-driven economy.

About Secularism:

The term 'Secular' was added by the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976, but even before its explicit inclusion in the Preamble, secularism was embedded in Constitutional provisions like Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion).
Positive Secularism:
- Unlike Western secularism, Indian secularism embodies the positive concept of secularism, i.e., all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state.
- Religion is not isolated from the state. Instead, the state treats all religions equally, without favor or discrimination.

Directives Principles based on Socialism:

The Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36 to 51 of Part IV) are classified on the basis of their ideological source and objectives, into three categories:
- Socialist Principles
- Gandhian Principles
- Liberal and Intellectual Principles
The following DPSPs reflect the ideology of socialism:
- Article 38: The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order by ensuring social, economic, and political justice and by minimising inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities.
- Articles 39: The State shall, direct its policies towards securing:
  - Right to an adequate means of livelihood to all the citizens.
  - The ownership and control of material resources shall be organised in a manner to serve the common good.
  - The State shall avoid concentration of wealth in a few hands.
  - Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
  - The protection of the strength and health of the workers.
  - Childhood and youth shall not be exploited.
- Article 39 A: To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
- Article 41: To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disability.
- Article 42: The State shall make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.
- Article 43: The State shall endeavour to secure to all workers a living wage and a decent standard of life.
- Article 43A: The State shall take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.
- Article 47: To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health.

About Election Commission of India

Landmark judgements associated with Election Commission:

Emerging issues faced by the electoral system of India today:

Provisions of Indian Constitution:

Procedure for Formation of New States:

State Reorganisation in India:

Factors driving Statehood Demands:

Arguments against Formation of New States:

Way Forward:

Mithilanchal region:

Geographical and historical details:

Cultural Significance:

Social and Economic Aspects:

What are Moiré Materials?

The Recent Breakthrough:

What are Superconductors?

Important properties of Superconductors:

Significance or utility of Superconductors:

Challenges in utilising Superconductors:

Common Challenges faced by these Commissions:

Corneal Blindness in India

Policy Proposals: Presumed Consent vs. Required Request:

India’s Hospital Cornea Retrieval Programme (HCRP):

Way Forward

About Semiconductors

India’s Semiconductor Industry:

Factors favouring India:

India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

India-USA Semiconductor Partnership:

1. iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies):

2. CHIPS Act Collaboration:

3. INDUS-X Initiative:

4. Shakti Fab:

What are the challenges facing India?

The Historical Context:

Evolution to Global Participation:

Recent Scientific Advancements:

Private Sector Participation:

About One Nation One Subscription

Current Mechanism for Journal Access:

Key Features of One Nation One Subscription:

Benefits of One Nation One Subscription:

Women members of Constituent Assembly:

About PAN 2.0 project

Benefits of PAN 2.0:

Significance:

Existing identification numbers:

About Atal Innovation Mission 2.0

AIM 2.0 vs AIM 1.0

Key initiatives under AIM 2.0

Atal Innovation Mission 1.0

About Socialism:

About Secularism:

Directives Principles based on Socialism:

Trending now