International Relations & Security

All (4265)Current Affairs (4243)Mains Practice (77)Mains PYQs by Subjects (40)

US withdraws from WHO

Context: The US President Donald Trump has passed an executive order to withdraw from the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Organisation based question on WHO and the UN. 

Mains: Detailed question on role of WHO and impact of US pull out on working or organisation.

Reasons for the US withdrawal from WHO

  • Inefficiency allegations: Trump criticises WHO as ineffective agency. E.g., WHO failed to control CoVID-19 pandemic.
  • Discriminatory in nature: US claims that WHO is discriminatory in nature of its operations, as it focuses more on the developing nations, by extracting funds from the first world nations.
  • Bias allegations: Trump alleges the WHO to be biased against the interests of the US as it has failed to convey the true picture of CoVID-19 spread to US authorities for timely action.
  • Chinese influence: Trump alleges the present Director General of WHO is under the influence of China, and China is using public relations and backdoor funding channels to compromise the integrity of the organisation.
  • Additional burden on exchequers: US funds about 15% of annual funds to WHO making it the largest fund giver. This puts an additional burden on the US economy compromising its nationalistic agendas.
Reasons for the US withdrawal from WHO

Impact of US withdrawal on WHO

  • Funding constraints: The US contributed about 15% of the WHO annual funding, withdrawal of US will limit the funding of the agency.
  • Compromised operations: The logistical and funding challenges will have a cascading impact on operations of WHO leaving its initiatives like free vaccine distribution in a limbo. 
  • Degrading reputation: US enjoys a great soft power and diplomatic strength across the world. US withdrawal from WHO may degrade the reputation of WHO across the globe.
  • Domino action: With the US withdrawal other nations may withdraw in the same fashion from the WHO, either to please the US or to reduce the funding burden on them
  • Susceptibility to future pandemic: WHO hosts various programs like ‘One Health’ and participates in ‘GAVI vaccine alliance’, withdrawal of US may reduce the power of WHO to handle future pandemic making world vulnerable to future pandemic.
image 180

Impacts on India

  • Restraining developmental work: WHO leads various health initiatives in India like WASH, hampered operations of WHO will negatively impact these initiatives in India.
  • Diplomatic burden: US can use its power to persuade India to leave WHO to legitimise its action of withdrawal from the agency.
  • Hampering global vision: India has contributed to WHO in the form of generic medicines and affordable vaccines. US withdrawal will limit the capacity of India to actualise the dream of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.’
  • Funding burden: With the US withdrawal, funding obligations for nations like India may increase to sustain the WHO operations. This will put an additional burden on the Indian economy hampering other welfare targets of the government. 

Way Forward

  • Diplomatic engagements: Nations like India, Germany and France that enjoy cordial relations with the US should engage in finding a middle ground of addressing the US concerns and maintaining operations of WHO.
    • E.g., Advocating to reform the institutional structure of WHO, making it more democratic in nature by enhancing all members' partnership.
  • Parallel deals: India can explore a parallel cooperation with the US to gain funds and logistical help for sustaining the already running WHO initiatives.
  • Long-term investment: India can invest in healthcare, sanitation and vaccine Research and Development to reduce the dependency on WHO initiatives.

About World Health Organisation: 

  • The World Health Organisation (WHO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. 
  • It was established on April 7, 1948, which is now celebrated annually as World Health Day.
  • Members: 192 member states (excluding the US) 
  • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
  • Organisational structure of WHO: 
    • Director General: The chief executive officer, responsible for overseeing the day-to-day functioning of WHO.
    • World Health Assembly: The decision making body of WHO, comprising all the members, meets annually for setting agendas for the year. 
    • Executive board: Composed of 34 technically qualified members elected by the WHA for three-year terms.
  • Programs and initiatives: 
    • Vaccine and Immunisation: Partnered with organisations like Gavi and UNICEF for the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).
    • Coordinating for global health security as it manages the International Health Regulations (IHR) framework.
    • Maternal health and child welfare: Manages the International Health Regulations (IHR) framework.
  • Famous reports and publications: World Health Report, World Malaria Report, Global Tuberculosis Report, World Mental Health Report, Global Nutrition Report, World Health Statistics, International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor, Global Vaccine Action Plan Monitoring Reports, and the State of the World’s Nursing Report.

Conclusion: The US decision to pull out from WHO will possibly give a shock to the operations and reputation of WHO. But, deep diplomatic engagement, exploring private funding and alternate institutional mechanisms can help India and the world to maintain the pace of WHO initiatives. 

India France Civil Nuclear Cooperation

Context: India and France have agreed to boost cooperation in “high-end technology sectors” and have discussed long-pending civil nuclear cooperation issues ahead of the Indian Prime Minister’s France visit in February 2025.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about India France Civil Nuclear Cooperation; Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010. 

India France Civil Nuclear Cooperation

  • An agreement on civil nuclear cooperation was signed between India and France in 2008. The agreement was signed shortly after India got the waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) to engage in civil nuclear trade. 
  • Nuclear cooperation between India & France: 
    • France is involved in the construction of the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra. The progress however has been slow (agreed in 2009).
    • The two countries have also agreed to establish a partnership on Small Modular Reactors (SMR) and Advanced Modular Reactors (AMR).

NSG India-specific Agreement: 

  • In 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) agreed on an India-specific exemption to its nuclear export guidelines after complex negotiations.
  • Following the NSG India-specific agreement, civil nuclear cooperation agreements have since been signed with the US, Russia, France, Australia and Kazakhstan, among other countries.
  • Note: India is not a member of the NSG, the main reason being its refusal to sign the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

Impediments in India-France Nuclear Cooperation

Despite the robust framework for nuclear cooperation between India and France, several impediments hinder the progress of their collaboration:

  • Regulatory Challenges:
    • The Indian regulatory framework for nuclear energy is stringent, it requires extensive safety certifications and compliance with international standards. 
    • E.g., Process of certifying European Pressurised Reactor (EPR) technology has been lengthy, which has slowed down project timelines and created uncertainties for investors.
  • Nuclear Liability law of India: 
    • India’s Nuclear Liability law (Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010) has been a barrier to the growth of the nuclear energy industry. 
  • India’s strict liability law places the burden of compensation for nuclear accidents on the plant operator, which can deter private companies from investing in nuclear power. 
  • Also, according to the Act, the liability can be shifted from the operator to the vendor or supplier in case the accident is due to equipment or material. 
  • This has created apprehension among potential foreign suppliers, delaying India’s ambitious nuclear energy plans. E.g., Nuclear liability is the major issue why the deal to install French EPRs at Jaitapur has not made progress.
  • Financial Considerations: The high costs associated with building and maintaining nuclear power plants pose a financial challenge. The Jaitapur project (with an estimated capacity of 990 MW) requires large investment.
  • Technological transfer: While both countries have committed to enhancing technological collaboration, concerns about intellectual property rights and technology transfer can create friction. 
  • Shift in Focus: India and France are exploring cooperation in Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), potentially diverting focus from Jaitapur.

Read More: India – France: Strategic partners 

Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010: 

  • India enacted CLNDA in 2010 to provide a quick compensation mechanism for victims of a nuclear accident.
  • The Act establishes a strict and no-fault liability for nuclear plant operators, meaning they are liable for damage regardless of fault. 
  • However, the operator of the nuclear installation, after paying the compensation for nuclear damage shall have the right to recourse where-
    • The nuclear incident has resulted as a consequence of an act of supplier or his employee, which includes supply of equipment or material with patent or latent defects or sub-standard services.
    • The nuclear incident has resulted from the act of commission or omission of an individual done with the intent to cause nuclear damage.
  • The operator will have to maintain a financial security to cover its maximum liability of ₹1,500 crore for civil nuclear damage and requires the operator to cover liability through insurance or other financial security.
  • In case the damage claims exceed ₹1,500 crore, the gap will be bridged by the Central Government. The government liability amounts to the rupee equivalent of 300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) or about ₹2,100 to ₹2,300 crore.

Indian engagement with Afghanistan

Context: Recently, India’s Foreign Secretary met the Taliban’s acting Foreign Minister in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The Taliban has called India a “significant regional and economic partner” in the meeting. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Detailed question on India-Afghanistan relations after Taliban takeover. 

Background: 

  • In August 2021, the US forces vacated Afghanistan, leading to Taliban takeover of the country and the government in Kabul. 
  • Concerns of India after Taliban’s takeover: 
    • Connectivity challenge: India sees Afghanistan as a key element to Central Asia connectivity via Zaranj-Delaram Highway. Taliban takeover may hamper the connectivity project leading to delay.
    • Skepticism over investments: The Indian government invested in infrastructure like Salma dam and Parliament building of Afghanistan. Taliban takeover threatened the safety of these investments.
    • Internal security challenge: Taliban regime can give push to cross-border terrorism in India.
    • Narco-terrorism: Taliban is sanctioned by the US leaving little scope to raise funds. This may lead Taliban to give a push to the drug trade as Afghanistan is part of Golden crescent.
    • Human rights violations: India has raised concerns over the Taliban’s decision to ban education for women.

Challenges in dealing with Taliban

image 151
  • Third-party influence: Taliban is influenced by Pakistan intelligence agency ISI and other nations like China, creating an external challenge for India to deal with the Taliban.
  • Ideological difference: Indian and Taliban ideology differs in domains like human rights and civil rights. This makes consensus difficult between India and the Taliban regime.
  • Trust deficit: India is doubtful about the Taliban intentions as Taliban has established terrorist involvements against India.
  • Indian policy: Indian policy to not to engage with terrorist organisations leads to the obstacle to deal with Taliban and recognising the Taliban government in India.
  • Stalled diplomacy: India and Afghanistan had suspended their embassies in the nations after the Taliban takeover.

Steps Taken to Negotiate

image 152
  • Establishing contact: India held the first formal meeting with Taliban in August 2021 in Doha, Qatar. This meeting marked a significant departure from India’s earlier reluctance to engage with the Taliban.
  • Humanitarian Assistance: Recognising the Humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan, Indians began sending aid in December 2021. E.g., Wheat grant for Afghanistan and free CoVid vaccines to Afghanistan.
  • Re-establishing diplomatic presence: In 2022, India reopened its embassy in Kabul, signaling a willingness to engage more directly with the Taliban administration.
  • High level engagement: India 2025, India engaged in a high level meeting with the Taliban’s Foreign Minister Muttaqi unfolding new agendas of engagement between the nations.

What more can be done?

  • Multilateral engagement: India can explore relations with Afghanistan at Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to promote central-asia connectivity.
  • Expanding soft power: India can explore cricket diplomacy and cultural connect with Afghanistan.
  • Humanitarian aid: India needs to expand humanitarian aid with medical assistance and allowing Afghan students to join Indian Universities.
  • Inclusive governance: Encouraging the Taliban to protect the rights of ethnic minorities, women, and children to create a more inclusive governance system.

Three redline concept to deal with Taliban

  • Counter-terrorism and Security- India insists that Afghan soil must not be used to harbor or support terrorist groups targeting India, such as Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM). Any direct or indirect support for terrorism by the Taliban is a strict redline.
  • Inclusive governance: India emphasises the need to include minorities, women and all ethnic groups in the government.
  • Safeguarding development: India expects the Taliban to respect and secure its developmental investment in Afghanistan. Any harm to these assets would jeopardise India's willingness to deepen its engagement.

Conclusion: India’s engagement with the Taliban reflects a pragmatic shift, balancing geopolitical challenges and humanitarian needs. By fostering diplomatic ties, boosting trade, supporting Afghan stability, and countering security threats, India can safeguard its interests while promoting regional peace. A nuanced approach ensures India's role as a constructive partner in Afghanistan’s future. 

What is the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)?

Context: To control crime in the National Capital, Delhi Police Commissioner has authorised district deputy commissioners of police (DCPs) to start using the NATGRID (National Intelligence Grid) tool to track down suspects and criminals. 

Relevance of the Topic:Prelims: Key facts about National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID).

About National Intelligence Grid

image 150
  • NATGRID is a database compiled by the Ministry of Home Affairs that contains over 24 sets of data to help agencies identify and monitor suspects.
  • It was conceived in 2008 after the 26/11 attacks in Mumbai. 
  • The data sets include (Natgrid collects data from):
    • Immigration records, passports
    • Banking details, credit card information, PAN records
    • Travel history
    • Phone data
    • Vehicle registration data
    • National Population Register 
    • Company details etc. 

Utility

  • The data repository at NATGRID captures all the digital footprints of an individual or an entity. 
  • NATGRID offers real-time intelligence about individuals and other entities to law-enforcement authorities across the country.
  • The data is used to counter illegal activities (E.g., suspicious financial transactions, drug rackets) by sharing information with several security agencies. 

Data is utilised by

  • NATGRID services are available to 11 central agencies and police departments of all states and union territories. 
  • The eleven agencies include the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), National Investigation Agency (NIA), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), Enforcement Directorate (ED), Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) and Directorate General of GST Intelligence.

Criticism

  • NATGRID has faced opposition on account of possible violations of privacy and leakage of confidential personal data.
  • However, as per the government:
    • NATGRID infrastructure has adequate safeguards to prevent any unauthorised access. 
    • The data is end-to-end encrypted and can be accessed only after proper authorisation and authentication have been completed.

Note: The local police take the help of CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network System) to probe cases. 

Read More: Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) 

Emerging threats in Gulf of Aden and Red Sea

Context: Recently, the Defence Minister of India raised concerns over emerging threats in Gulf of Aden and Red Sea, emphasising on capacity building of the Navy.

Relevance of the Topic- Mains: Detailed questions on threats to Indian maritime security in the Indian ocean. 

Potential threats in Gulf of Aden and Red Sea

image 148
Threats with ExamplesImpacts on India 
Maritime attack: Armed groups, particularly the Houthi rebels in Yemen have been targeting vessels.

E.g., In November 2022, Houthi rebels targeted commercial tankers in the Red sea.		These attacks either force Indian vessels to take a long route through the Cape of Good Hope or lead to hike in vessel insurance premium making shipping operation expensive.
Piracy: Notorious piracy of vessels in Somalian waters continues to harass ships, leading to extortion.

E.g., Indian ship MV Albedo case. 		Piracy threatens Indian crew’s safety and increases cost of shipping leading to potential for significant economic loss.
Geopolitical tensions: Presence of multiple naval forces near Gulf of Aden make it susceptible to regional instability.

E.g., Djibouti Naval Base of China. 		Such militarisation challenges India’s aspirations to maintain a balance of power and secure its trade interests.
Smuggling activities: The region serves as a transit point for illegal arms, drugs, and human trafficking.

E.g., Iran-backed armed smuggling route through the Gulf of Aden to support Houthis.		Such activities may increase the instability in the region impacting diaspora and trade interests. 
Terrorism: Terrorist groups operating in regions like Al-Qaeda threaten regional security.

E.g., USS Cole Bombing case by terrorist groups.		Indian vessels could become collateral damage or direct targets, leading to human and economic losses.
image 149

Significance of West Indian Ocean region (WIOR) for India

  • Energy security: 
    • Over 60% of India’s oil imports pass through the West Indian Ocean region, making it critical to energy security.
    • Oil and Mineral resources- make the region critical for energy security.
      • Huge deposits of natural gas in the region (Gulf Region)
      • Abundance of deep-sea minerals like cobalt and nickel.  
  • Trade continuity: The Gulf of Aden and Red Sea are present near the major choke points named Bab-el Mandeb and Suez canal, making it critical for connectivity of India to Europe.
  • National security: The region is crucial for securing the Indian maritime border and reducing threats like 26/11 attacks via maritime route.
  • Geopolitical significance: The region is key to establishing harmonious relations with nations like Yemen, Djibouti, and Oman.
  • Strategic Interests: India seeks access to key facilities (Duqm port in Oman ) in WIOR to counter China’s growing influence (military base in Djibouti). 
  • Diaspora safety: Indian diaspora especially the labour and medical staff is deployed in Middle-east nations. Gulf of Aden and Red Sea stability will enhance the safety of the diaspora.
  • Disaster Management: WIOR is prone to frequent cyclones and oil spills, management of which requires cooperation with other WIOR littoral countries.   

Way Forward

  • Enhancing Naval presence: India should focus on increasing naval presence in the region. India can try collaborative efforts with the nations in the region. E.g., Daqm port of Oman.
  • Capacity building of Navy: India should add frigates and caveats to the Navy to secure the region. Also, collaboration should be cond between Coast Guard and Indian Navy. E.g., SAGAR exercise between Navy and Coast Guard. 
  • International collaboration: India should make a common center for monitoring the region by bringing nations together over maritime security. E.g., Indian Ocean Maritime symposium to collaborate over maritime security and regional growth. 
  • Collaborative monitoring: A common monitoring of the region along with all the stakeholders to foster the synchronisation among naval powers. E.g., Information Fusion Center- Indian Ocean Region.

By adopting a multifaceted approach that combines military readiness, diplomatic initiatives, and international cooperation, India can effectively address the evolving threats in the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, ensuring the security of its maritime interests.

Israel-Hamas Peace Deal

Context: Recently, a cease-fire agreement — mediated by Qatar, Egypt and the United States — had been signed between Hamas and Israel to pause fighting in Gaza and begin a series of steps to end the war.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Location based question in Prelims.

Mains: Developments in the Middle-East and their impacts on India.

Major Highlights of the deal

  • Mediation: Deal is broken by international cooperation and mediation of Qatar, Israel and the United States of America.
  • Key components of the deal: 
    • Ceasefire: Deal has proposed a six-week ceasefire for allowing the Israeli forces withdrawal from Gaza strip. 
    • Withdrawal from Philadelphia corridor: The Israeli forces have agreed to withdraw from the narrow strip called Philadelphia corridor to maintain trust among parties.
    • Hostage and Prisoner exchange: Deal plans for the exchange of Israeli hostages and prisoners of Palestine.
    • Humanitarian aid: Facilitation of increased humanitarian assistance to Gaza, addressing the dire needs of the civilian population affected by the conflict. 
    • De-escalation measures: Israel has agreed to pause its military offensives in Gaza, while Hamas is expected to cease rocket attacks into Israeli territory.
image 137
image 138

Significance of deal for various stakeholders

  • Gaza: The deal offers a respite for civilians, many of whom have endured immense suffering due to airstrikes, displacement, and lack of basic necessities.
  • Israel: The return of hostages is a significant achievement for the Israeli government, which has faced domestic pressure to secure their release.
  • Region: The deal will lead to peace in the region by reducing chances of escalation between Iran and Israel. 

Significance of deal for India

  • Connectivity: The peace deal will allow India to push India-Middle-East-European corridor for improved connectivity with Europe bypassing dependence on Suez Canal.
  • Diaspora safety: Indian workers and medical staff are deployed in Israel, the ceasefire will ensure their safety and security.
  • Reducing diplomatic burden: The peace deal will provide India a free hand to deal with Iran and progress with the Chabahar Port project.
  • Maritime safety: The deal will suppress the regional adversaries like Houthi rebels ensuring safety of the Indian vessels through the Red Sea.
  • Market stability: The peace deal will reduce the turbulence in the stock market of India leading to stable investments in India.
image 139

Challenges in the implementation of the deal

  • Trust deficit: There is a high trust deficit among the parties of deal. This fragility may lead to future conflict among the region.
  • Doubtful intentions of Hamas: The operations of Hamas are like a terrorist organisation that can materialise the conflict devastation for further recruitment and funding.
  • Internal dynamics: People of Israel are skeptical about the implementation of the deal, particularly the hardline factions in Israel have opposed the deal.

Way Forward

  • Addressing core issue: The Israel Hamas conflict is rooted in territorial dispute. Proper implementation of a Two-state solution can resolve the issue in a more profound manner.
  • Independent monitoring: The teams of ceasefire deal need to be monitored by independent agencies like the UN Peacekeeping Force.
  • Promoting grassroots engagement: The people to people negotiations and ties need to be promoted. E.g., Israel can offer a Goodwill gesture humanitarian aid for Gaza strip.

Conclusion: While the ceasefire deal is a positive development, it is a temporary solution. Long-term peace requires addressing underlying grievances, building mutual trust, and sustained international engagement. A comprehensive, inclusive, and pragmatic approach is essential to achieving a durable resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict.

US sanctions on Russia ‘Shadow Fleet’

Context: The United States has imposed sanctions targeting Russia’s “Shadow fleet” to curb oil trade with Russia. 

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Basic understanding of terms like ‘Shadow fleet’. 

Mains: Detailed question based on the impact of US sanctions on India’s oil imports.  

What is the Shadow Fleet?

  • Shadow fleet is a network of tankers facilitating the clandestine transport of Russian oil to international markets.
  • Key Characteristics of Shadow Fleet: 
    • Opaque ownership of vessels concealed using complex corporate structures and shell companies.
    • Ship-to-ship transfer: Oil is frequently transferred between ships at sea to obscure its origin before reaching its final destination.
    • Flags of convenience: Oil vessels operate under flags of countries with lax regulatory oversight.
    • Aging fleet: The shadow fleets often comprise older tankers that are less desirable for mainstream operations due to high maintenance costs and lower efficiency.
    • Deceptive practices like turning off AIS (Automatic Identification System) tracking, falsifying documents and misreporting the cargo’s origin to avoid detection.

Impacts of Shadow Fleets

Shadow Fleet
  • Environmental risks: Aging fleets and turning off AIS systems can lead to accidents and incidents of oil spillage. 
  • Global security: Lack of transparency in shipping can promote illicit activities like smuggling and human trafficking.
  • Economic impact: Countries reliant on such shipments can face challenges due to imposition of sanctions.

Impact of sanctions on India’s Oil Imports

image 134
  • Supply chain disruption: India as a significant importer of Russian crude oil may face constraints in supply of oil due to restrictions on vessels. 
  • Increased shipping cost: With the sanctions, there will be a demand supply mismatch in the shipping industry leading to cost elevation of trade.
  • Diminishing price advantage: The sanctions will make Russian oil expensive for India. This will diminish the price advantage of India in procuring cheaper oil from Russia.
  • Cascading impact: There will be a cascading impact on the Oil product and refinery businesses of India impacting the petroleum product exports to European nations.
  • Middle-East dependency: India needs to depend more on the imports from the middle-eastern nations to fulfill its energy requirements.

Suggestive Measures for India

  • Diversification of energy basket: India should reduce oil import by investing in long term measures like alternative energy means and hybrid fuel.
  • Domestic energy production: India needs to invest in exploring the energy avenues in India. E.g., Hydrocarbon Exploration Licensing Policy (HELP) to liberalise hydrocarbon exploration in India.
  • Engagement in diplomatic channels: India should actively engage with the US to gain some sanction reliefs; and middle east nations to get some discounted rates to facilitate trade.

Conclusion: While the U.S. sanctions on Russia's shadow fleet are designed to curb Russian oil revenues, they have significant implications for India's crude oil imports. India will need to adopt a multifaceted approach to manage potential disruptions and maintain energy security.

New US AI Export Law

Context: The United States has passed a new AI Export law to govern exports of advanced artificial technology (AI), including chips and models.

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Detailed questions on impacts of US export law on India 

Major Highlights of the Law

  • Aim of law: The U.S. aims to maintain its competitive edge in emerging technologies and prevent adversaries from leveraging advanced AI capabilities for military or malign purposes.
  • Three tier classification: The US law divides nations into three ties structure based on trust and strategic importance of the nations
    • Tier-1 nations: Includes 18 closest allies of the USA, allowing unrestricted access to these nations. It includes Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, etc.,
    • Tier-2 nations: These nations face controlled exports with some restrictions. These nations have concerns like Intellectual property rights violation and possible misuse of technology. India is part of this list. 
    • Tier-3 nations: Encompasses adversarial nations such as China and Russia, facing the most stringent restrictions. It includes Russia, China and North Korea.
  • Special provision: The law includes a special provision called General Validated End User which includes two nations i.e., India and China.
    • India: It allows India for both military and civilian use of equipment. But, it restricts nuclear use.
    • China: Allows only Civilian use, but restricts both military and nuclear usage. 
image 127

Impact of law on India

  • Access to advanced AI Chips: India’s placement in Tier Two means it does not have unrestricted access to high-performance AI chips, essential for training large language models.
  • Delay in acquisition: The licenses are required for export of technology that will lead to increased cost of acquisition and slowing down AI research development in India.
  • Impact on strategic sectors like defence, healthcare and agriculture, where AI can play a critical role as they might face setbacks in deploying high-end AI solutions.
  • Necessity for indigenous development: The restrictions highlight the need for India to invest in developing its own AI technologies and infrastructure to reduce dependency on foreign technologies and enhance self-reliance. 
  • Risk of dependence on other nations: Restrictions on India will force companies to depend on alternative suppliers like China, that can lead to risk of hardware espionage.

Suggestive Measures for India

  • Pushing chip development: India should leverage domestic development of indigenous chips and semiconductor development to reduce dependency on the USA for imports.
  • Diversification of imports: India should seek collaboration with Australia and the European Union to diversify collaboration in advanced AI technologies.

Conclusion: The US law may slow-down the AI development and limit access to essential tools hindering India’s immediate progress in the global AI race. But, it also presents an opportunity for India to invest in self-reliance, infrastructure, and research making India a possible leader in AI technology.

India-Bangladesh Border Fencing Issue

Context: Bangladesh has lodged opposition to India’s efforts to fence the India-Bangladesh border.

Relevance of the TopicMains: India and its neighbours- India-Bangladesh relations and issues.

Major Highlights:

  • India and Bangladesh share a 4096 kms long complex border (India's longest terrestrial border) with various terrains like marshy land of Sunderbans.  
  • India has been working on fencing the border for several years to address security concerns, but this initiative has faced opposition from Bangladesh, citing legal, humanitarian, and diplomatic challenges.

What are the Issues?

  • Border dispute: India and Bangladesh border is a densely populated area and lacks clear demarcation of border in riverine or marshy areas.
  • Security concerns: India has initiated fencing of the border as the porous border facilitates illegal migration, smuggling of goods, trafficking of women and children and drug trade.
  • Humanitarian and social impact: The regime change in Bangladesh is leading to hardships of people. This is leading to a threat of mass migration to India.

Arguments presented by Bangladesh

Bangladesh presented following arguments to restrain Indian efforts of fencing;

  • Violation of Agreements: Bangladesh claims that India’s fencing efforts violate the Indra-Mujib Accord of 1974, according to which there should be no fencing within 150 yards of the border.
  • Encroachment concerns: Bangladesh has raised concerns that fencing in some areas, particularly near riverine borders, results in the occupation of disputed land or encroachment into Bangladeshi territory.
  • Humanitarian issues: Fencing near residential and agriculture areas will restrain free movement, hampering livelihood of locals.

Indian response to Bangladesh’s arguments

  • Security justification: India has emphasised the need of fencing to prevent;
    • Illegal infiltration
    • Threats of cross-border terrorism 
    • Organised crimes like goods smuggling and human trafficking.
  • Commitment and cooperation: India has reiterated commitment to peace in the region, as India is fencing on the Indian side.
  • Diplomatic measures: India has proposed a joint survey, consultation and high level discussion to address concerns related to fencing alignment and humanitarian issues.
image 124

Way Forward

  • Enhancing dialogue: Border forces of both nations should engage in high level i.e. Director General level border talks. 
  • Joint Border management: India and Bangladesh should establish joint patrols and surveillance mechanisms to reduce reliance on fencing alone.
  • Alternate measures: Both nations can establish economic corridors and integrated check posts to facilitate legal migration to sustain livelihood of locals.

Other issues between India and Bangladesh

Apart from border dispute there are various other issues between India and Bangladesh

  • Illegal migration: Cross border migration has been a contentious issue, with India raising concerns about influx of illegal migrants into states like Assam and West Bengal.
  • Organised crimes: India-Bangladesh face issues like goods smuggling and Human trafficking. Also, cattle smuggling and urea smuggling are persistent. 
  • Water sharing dispute: India and Bangladesh have various river water sharing issues like Teesta river and Brahmaputra water sharing issue.
  • Energy cooperation challenges: Bangladesh is facing challenges with the Adani powers on energy sharing agreement due to delay in payments.
  • Minority issues: There have been persistent issues of attack on minorities in Bangladesh. India has lodged multiple concerns about protection of minorities in Bangladesh. E.g., Attack on ISKCON in Bangladesh.

Read More:  India - Bangladesh border

Conclusion: Despite ongoing issues such as border disputes, water sharing, and trade imbalances, India and Bangladesh continue to prioritise cooperation. Diplomatic efforts, joint initiatives, and dialogue mechanisms remain essential in resolving conflicts and enhancing bilateral relations, fostering stability and growth in the region for both nations.

India’s Diaspora: Significance and Challenges

Context: The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas was celebrated on January 9, 2025. India boasts the largest diaspora globally contributing significantly to their host and home countries. India needs to formulate a dynamic and comprehensive migration policy, aligned with national priorities. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: India’s Diaspora: Significance and Challenges.

Indian Diaspora

  • According to the UN World Migration Report 2024, India boasts the largest diaspora globally, nearly 18 million.
  • According to India’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as of May 2024, the total number of overseas Indians worldwide is approximately 35.42 million, which includes about 15.85 million non-resident Indians (NRIs) and nearly 19.57 million individuals of Indian origin (PIOs).
  • The United States is home to the largest Indian population in the world (totalling 5.4 million people), followed by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 
  • Indian immigrants have made significant contributions across various sectors, with over 20 CEOs of Indian origin leading Fortune 500 companies as of 2024.
image 108

Significance of the Indian Diaspora

1. Political significance:

  • Pressure group:  Diasporas often mobilise networks and resources to support a certain cause in either their homeland or their host countries. E.g., lobbying for favorable visa policies and the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal.
  • Political position: Many people of Indian origin hold top political positions in foreign countries. E.g., Kamala Harris- USA Vice President. 

2. Economic significance:

  • Remittance: India received remittance of $129 billion in 2024, the highest in the world. 
  • Tackle disguised unemployment: Migration of semi-skilled labour has brought down the disguised unemployment. 
  • Rich source of FDI: FDI from diaspora is strongly influenced by diaspora’s affinity for their culture in the homeland.
  • Transfer of tech and innovation: Indian IT sector is an example of a brain gain effect. The diaspora was instrumental in bringing skills, human and social capital, and networks needed to grow the sector in India.
  • Facilitated trade agreements: Globalisation and strong diaspora communities have facilitated increased stipulation of preferential international trade agreements.

3. Foreign Policy: 

  • Institutionalisation of Diaspora-diplomacy is indicative of prominence of the role played by diaspora in foreign policy formulation. Thus, they act as an instrument of Soft-power and meet the limitations of hard-power. E.g., Senate India Caucus i.e., is a bipartisan coalition that promotes relations between the US and India.
  • Act as a bridge between India and their host countries facilitating trade, investment, and cultural exchange. 

4. Cultural significance:

Spread of Indian culture and tradition- Yoga, Ayurveda, Indian cuisine etc. increases India’s soft-power. 

Challenges faced by Indian Diaspora: 

  • Brain Drain causes India loss of talent in the areas of research and development.
  • Heterogeneous Diaspora: Indian diaspora has different demands from the Indian government. E.g., Low-skilled laborers in Gulf countries seek welfare support while service professionals (in West) look for streamlined visa and taxation policies​. 
  • Issues arising out of Protectionism: Increase in incidences of hate crimes against Indian community and restrictive immigration policies (skilled Indian workers are viewed as taking native jobs). E.g., Denial of H-1B visas in the U.S.; attacks on Indians in Australia.  
  • Geopolitical Instabilities threaten the life and livelihood of the diaspora. E.g., Conflicts in regions like West Asia etc. 
  • Negative impacts: Some sections of India’s diaspora have indulged in negative campaigning and funding separatist groups in India such as Pro-Khalistan groups in Canada and Punjab.
  • Policy and Structural gaps:
    • Lack of dual citizenship provision in India’s constitution forces many of India's diaspora to quit India’s citizenship, despite wanting to be Indian citizens.
    • No clear policy on diaspora despite their socio-economic contributions to India’s development.
    • Lack of updated Database: Ministry of External Affairs does not have updated data on Indian diaspora, as registration with Indian Embassies is voluntary. In the absence of such a database, welfare schemes may not be implemented properly.
    • Emigration Management Bill, 2022 has been under consultation and vetting for a long time. It seeks to establish an emigration framework, liberalise clearances, and strengthen welfare for overseas migrants.
    • NRI Marriages: Increasing cases of women being deserted in NRI marriages. Registration of Marriage of Non-Resident Indian Bill, 2019 has not been enacted yet.
    • Complex grievance redressal mechanism: Several portals such as e-Migrate, and Centralised Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) are in place to resolve grievances of Indian nationals abroad. Multiple portals may delay grievance resolution due to duplication of work.
  • Selective engagement: Exclusion of large sections of low-skilled and less wealthy diaspora from forums such as Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas etc.
  • Challenges to Philanthropy: Despite the eagerness of PIOs/OCIs to donate generously, they face challenges such as FCRA, bureaucratic compliance and even hostilities, frustrating their efforts to contribute to the development of India.

Way Forward

  • Formulation of a clear diaspora policy (Emigration Management Act) to serve as a guiding principle for engagement with diaspora. It should emphasise on diaspora welfare, dual citizenship, and streamlined grievance mechanisms like CPGRAMS​.
  • Portal for self-registration of diaspora, which would reflect updated databases and allow the Ministry to effectively implement welfare schemes.
  • Diaspora Engagement: Events like Pravasi Bharatiya Divas should be more inclusive, ensuring representation from low-skilled and marginalised diaspora groups.
  • Comprehensive rehabilitation scheme in coordination with the concerned Ministries, departments, state governments, and stakeholders, to ensure livelihood security for workers, who lost their jobs or are unable to return to their place of employment.
  • Establish overseas One-Stop Centres to help distressed NRI women.
  • Negotiating Standard Labour Export Agreements with the host countries. Monitoring and supervision of our overseas workers by our Missions. Compulsory insurance schemes cover the risks faced by our overseas workers.
  • The government should consider setting up Special Economic Zones, exclusively for projects to be set up by NRIs/PIOs. Consider issuing special infrastructure bonds for attracting NRI/PIO investments, like the Israel Bonds.

The Indian diaspora is a robust asset contributing to India’s soft power and economic growth. India should formulate a new NRI policy, evacuation policy and foster good engagement to address their diverse challenges. 

Chabahar port

Context: A meeting between India’s Foreign Secretary and Taliban ruled Afghanistan’s Foreign Minister discussed the resolution of security concerns in trade via Chabahar port of Iran.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Map based questions on Chabahar Port.

Mains: Analytical question based on opportunities and challenges in trade via Chabahar Port.

About Chabahar Port

  • Chabahar port is located on the Makran coast of Sistan and Baluchistan Province of Iran, at the Gulf of Oman's mouth. It is situated to the west of Iran's border with Pakistan.
  • It is Iran's first deepwater port and the only Iranian port with direct access to the Indian Ocean.
  • In May 2024, India signed a landmark 10-year agreement to operate the Chabahar Port in Iran. Under the agreement, India is to invest $120 million in the development of infrastructure in the Shahid Beheshti terminal at the port and extend a $250 million credit line to Iran.
image 111

Significance of Chabhar Port

  • Strategic location of the Port:
    • Sits at the mouth of Strait of Hormuz Area
    • Connects three regions: Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia.
    • Junction of shipping, oil trade routes
      • Estimated 17 billion barrels of crude oil passes this way daily. 
  • For Iran: Iran envisions Chabahar as a gateway to Central Asia, establishing a free trade zone and robust road and rail links between Chabahar and Central Asia. For Iran, it presents a potential shield against the impact of Western sanctions.
  • For India: Regional Connectivity: 
    • Alternative trade route:
      • It provides India with an alternative trade route, circumventing Pakistan's restrictions on land access for trade with Afghanistan and Central Asia.
      • The route can help connect India with energy-rich Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and other Central-Asian nations. 
      • This route is 40% shorter, 30% less expensive than the trade via Red Sea-Suez Canal-Mediterranean Sea route. 
    • Chabahar port also provides direct access to India's Farkhor Air Base in Tajikistan, contributing to enhanced regional connectivity.
  • Component of INSTC: Chabahar is also a pivotal component of the proposed International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a comprehensive transportation initiative connecting the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea through Iran. 
image 112
image 113

Security Concerns to Trade via Chabahar Port

  • Security Risk: Chabahar port is surrounded by the various conflicting regions which are under influence of terror groups like Taliban, ISIS, and Tehrik-e Taliban (of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtun region) leading to threats of terror attacks.
  • Narcotic crimes: Chabahar is at the Golden Crescent, drug trafficking and narcotic crime led violence leads to threats to trade.
  • Afghan-Pakistan nexus: Close ties of Pakistan’s ISI and Taliban makes Indian participation skeptical.
  • Geopolitical rivalries: Growing Chinese influence in Afghanistan creates a geopolitical environment unfavourable to India, diminishing its strategic influence in the region.
  • Radicalisation and ideological spillover: Taliban’s unclear policies on counter-terrorism could inspire radicalisation in the wider region, especially among vulnerable groups that can destabilise trade via Chabhar. 

Challenges in developing/utilising Chabhar Port

  • Strained US-Iran relationship, exacerbated by Iran's inclusion in the ‘axis of evil’ alongside Iraq and North Korea, compelled India to exercise caution in its dealings with Iran.
    • India's investment in the Chabahar–Zahedan railway was affected by US sanctions. 
    • Despite handling 2.1 million tons of cargo in 2015, sanctions impacted the port's expansion, leading to only 10% utilisation of its 8.5-million-ton capacity in 2019.
  • Obstacles to trade via Chabhahar: 
    • Logistical obstacles to trade, such as Iran’s delay in completing two railway lines – Chabahar-Zahedan and Rasht-Astara — which are necessary for moving cargo from the port and connecting to a planned International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
    • Iran’s lack of access to the SWIFT system of electronic international payments. Iran is also barred from conducting transactions in dollars.

Indonesia joins BRICS bloc as full member

 Context: Indonesia has formally joined the BRICS group, a bloc of emerging economies featuring India, Russia, China and others, viewed as a counterweight to the West.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Key facts about BRICS; New Development Bank. 

Mains: BRICS as platform for South-South Cooperation, challenges faced by BRICS. 

 What is BRICS? 

  • BRICS is an intergovernmental organisation comprising ten countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, United Arab Emirates and Indonesia.
    • The acronym ‘BRIC’ was coined by economist Jim O'Neill in 2001.
    • Founding countries of BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. 
    • First formal BRIC summit: Held in 2009 in Yekaterinburg, Russia
    • South Africa joined BRIC in 2010, transforming BRIC to BRICS. 
  • New members:
    • In 2024, four new members- Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates - joined BRICS as full-time permanent members.
    • In 2025, Indonesia was admitted as a full member of the BRICS.
  • BRICS was conceived as a counterweight to the Group of Seven (G7) developed economies, made up of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and Japan.
image 67

Objectives:

  • To promote economic growth, strengthen cooperation in areas like trade, investment, and infrastructure.
  • Coordination in global governance and advocating for reforms in institutions like the United Nations (UN) and International Monetary Fund (IMF). 
  • Cultural and social exchange by enhancing people-to-people connections.

Economic Importance:

  • BRICS+ represents over 45% of the world's population and accounts for around 35% of global GDP, based on purchasing power parity.
  • Growing influence in global trade and investment through the New Development Bank. 
  • Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) under BRICS USD 100 billion CRA is established to provide financial support to member countries in times of balance of payments crises.

New Development Bank: 

  • The New Development Bank (NDB) is a multilateral development bank established by BRICS.
  • Objective: To mobilise resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs).
  • Initial authorised capital: $100 billion.
  • Headquarters: Shanghai, China.

BRICS as platform for South-South Cooperation:

BRICS grouping has emerged as a significant platform for fostering South-South cooperation in the evolving global order. 

  • Diversified Representation: BRICS+ has included countries from Africa and Asia to enhance BRICS' representation of developing nations. Diverse BRICS gains legitimacy to advocate for Global South issues like fair-trade, climate justice, and technology access.
  • Economic Collaboration: Intra-BRICS integration encompasses free trade agreements and export-oriented strategies, including tariff exemptions and reductions. This has led to trade expansion, and rise in both inward and outward foreign direct investment. 
  • Financial Independence:
    • The New Development Bank (to finance infrastructure and development projects) is a credible alternative to existing financial institutions (IMF, World Bank dominated by western powers).
    • BRICS nations have agreed to promote use of local currencies in trade. E.g., UAE and India trade in Rupees and Dirhams instead of the US Dollar.
    • The plans to launch a common BRICS currency is under consideration. 
  • Global Governance Reforms: BRICS have collectively called for reforms to the UN Security Council to include more representation from the Global South.
  • Technology Sharing: BRICS+ members share technology particularly in areas like digital payments and renewable energy. E.g., Collaboration in digital payment systems (India’s UPI and China’s Cross-Border Payment Systems). 

Challenges faced by BRICS:

  • Diverse Interests:
    • Member states have varying economic interests and geopolitical alignments which can hinder collective action. E.g., India and Brazil maintain strong ties with the US, while Russia and China adopt anti-West stances​. 
    • New members like Iran and UAE add to the ideological diversity complicating consensus-building.
  • Lacks Institutional Framework: BRICS lacks formal treaty or secretariat, or enforcement mechanisms and thus relies on consensus-based decision-making​. This makes it difficult for coordination and policy implementation.
  • External Pressures and Sanctions: BRICS members (particularly Russia) face economic sanctions from Western countries. This can limit their ability to cooperate and implement joint initiatives.
  • Internal Economic Challenges: Some BRICS members (such as Brazil and South Africa) face significant domestic economic challenges which can divert attention from regional cooperation.

BRICS+ marks an important step toward a multipolar world and empowerment of the Global South. However, the grouping needs to overcome internal divisions, address external pressures and build a strong institutional framework to meet its long-term goals and objectives. 

Trending now

Captagon
B’nei Menashe: Identity, Migration, and the “Lost Tribes” Debate
Bauxite Mining Conflict in Odisha
Impact of Rising Energy Costs on Migrant Labourers