Context: As per the recent report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to the National Green Tribunal, the multiple spots in Prayagraj (where the Maha Kumbh Mela is underway), Uttar Pradesh have failed to meet primary bathing standards due to high levels of faecal coliform in water.
Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about faecal coliform bacteria.
Major Highlights:
- According to the CPCB, faecal coliform —a key indicator of sewage contamination— have exceeded the permissible limit of 2,500 units per 100 ml in various spots in Prayagraj.
- The high levels of faecal bacteria in the waters pose significant risks of waterborne diseases, while excessive organic pollution threatens aquatic life and overall river health.
What is faecal coliform bacteria?
- Coliform is a group of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals and humans. Faecal coliform bacteria is present in human or animal wastes.
- While not all coliform bacteria are harmful, presence of faecal coliform bacteria in water suggests contamination from sewage or animal waste.
- They are commonly used as indicators of potential contamination in water.
- Their presence suggests that the water may also contain other harmful pathogens, such as viruses, parasites, or other bacteria (Salmonella, and E. coli), that originate from faecal matter.
Implications:
- Health risks: The pathogens can enter the body via the mouth, nose and ears. Exposure to such contaminated water can lead to a range of health issues, including:
- Nausea, gastrointestinal infections, vomiting, diarrhoea.
- Skin rashes and eye irritations.
- Serious conditions like typhoid and hepatitis A.
- Respiratory issues due to inhaling water droplets containing bacteria.
- Individuals with low immune systems, the elderly, and children are most vulnerable.