Other Bilateral Relations of India

India-UAE Bilateral Relations

Context: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan was on a three-day visit to India from 11-13 December 2024. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan was in India to attend the 15th India-UAE Joint Commission Meeting and the Fourth UAE-India Strategic Dialogue.

Jaishankar has called the Joint Commission Meeting an important mechanism for two nations to discuss the entire gamut of growing bilateral ties.

Relevance: Mains: India and its neighborhood relations.

Importance of UAE:

UAE is among the top sources of investments for India. There has also been growing Indian investments into the UAE leveraging its strategic location as a trade hub for the Middle East, Europe and Africa.
Energy cooperation has over the period consolidated with several long-term oil and gas contracts signed recently.
India and UAE have common interest in preserving and promoting the stability, security and prosperity of our regions.

Key Takeaways from the Visit:

The two sides held discussions to expand our strategic partnership in several areas, including defence, emerging technologies, nuclear energy, polar research, critical minerals and renewable energy, among others.
The ministers welcomed the signing and entry into force of the India-UAE Bilateral Investment Treaty. They reaffirmed the strong trade relationship between the UAE and India, further enhanced by the India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
They commended the strong cooperation between the two Central Banks, particularly in the fintech sector, and the development of public digital infrastructure, including Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC), instant payments, and card schemes.
Both sides also discussed the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC), a major initiative aimed at improving maritime connectivity and trade between India, the UAE, and Europe.

India-UAE bilateral relationship:

Diplomatic Relations: India and the UAE established diplomatic relations in 1972, with the UAE opening its embassy in India that same year, followed by India's embassy in the UAE in 1973.
High-Level Visits: The relationship gained momentum with Prime Minister Modi's visit in 2015, marking a new strategic partnership. Since then, Modi has visited the UAE multiple times, with his latest visit in November-December 2023 for COP28. UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed has also made several visits to India, including attending the G20 Summit in September 2023 and the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit in January 2024.
Multilateral Cooperation: Both nations cooperate at platforms like the UN, BRICS, I2U2 (India-Israel-UAE-USA), and the UAE-France-India (UFI) Trilateral. UAE was a guest country at the G20 Summit hosted by India.
Economic Relations: Trade between India and the UAE has evolved from traditional goods to a diverse range of products. In 2022-23, trade reached $85 billion, making the UAE India's third-largest trading partner. UAE is also India's second-largest export destination.
Investment: The UAE's estimated investment in India is around $20-21 billion, with $15.5 billion as FDI. The UAE has committed to invest $75 billion in Indian infrastructure. Notable investments include $1 billion in India's National Infrastructure Investment Fund.
Trade Agreements: A significant MoU was signed for a Local Currency Settlement System (2023) to facilitate transactions using Indian Rupees and UAE Dirhams.
Air Connectivity: Strong air connectivity exists between both countries, enhanced by an air-bubble agreement during the COVID-19 pandemic.
NRI Remittances: The Indian community in the UAE (around 3.5 million) contributes significantly to remittances, accounting for 18% of total remittances to India.
Cultural Relations: Indian culture is prominent in the UAE, with Indian cinema and festivals celebrated widely. Initiatives like yoga events and cultural exchanges have further strengthened ties.
Education Initiatives: Over 100 Indian schools operate in the UAE. An IIT Delhi campus in Abu Dhabi has also become operational.
Indian Community: The Indian diaspora is the largest ethnic group in the UAE, constituting about 35% of the population. The community has transitioned from predominantly blue-collar workers to a mix of professionals and businesspeople.
Recognition of Contributions: Several Indians have received prestigious awards for their contributions to society and culture in the UAE.
Construction of BAPS Mandir: A BAPS Mandir is under construction near Abu Dhabi, expected to be inaugurated in February 2024, enhancing cultural ties between India and the UAE.

Key features of India-UAE Comprehensive and Strategic Partnership:

There has been a tremendous growth in bilateral relations since the elevation of bilateral ties to a comprehensive strategic partnership in 2017.

Its key features are the following:

Model Relationship: India's External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar described the India-UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership as a "model relationship," emphasizing its strength and diversification since the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) came into effect in May 2022, leading to a trade volume of $85 billion.
Energy Cooperation: The partnership focuses heavily on energy collaboration, including long-term supply agreements, investments in strategic reserves, and exploration of renewables like green hydrogen and nuclear energy. Recent agreements in oil and gas have solidified this cooperation.
Defence and Security: There is a growing emphasis on defence collaboration, highlighted by joint military exercises such as Desert Cyclone and the establishment of a Defence Partnership Forum. Both nations aim to enhance regional security through military cooperation and joint training initiatives.
Economic Growth: The CEPA aims to boost bilateral trade to $100 billion within five years, covering various sectors including services, agriculture, and technology. Initiatives like Bharat Mart and MAITRI are designed to facilitate trade and regulatory processes.
Infrastructure development: The partnership includes significant investments in infrastructure projects, with a focus on establishing dedicated investment zones for UAE companies in India, enhancing food security, and improving logistical services between the two countries.
Cultural and educational Ties: The partnership also aims to strengthen cultural ties through educational initiatives, including the establishment of an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in the UAE to foster innovation and technological progress.
Regional stability: Both countries share common interests in promoting stability and security in the West Asia region, collaborating on counter-terrorism efforts and maritime security initiatives.
Future prospects: The roadmap for the partnership emphasizes addressing global challenges together while exploring new areas of cooperation such as climate action, digitalization, and healthcare.

Way Forward: Issues like reforming the Kafala system for welfare of migrants, addressing the spillover of the recent Syrian crisis in the region, Chinese influence and minimization of non-trade barriers need to be addressed to further deepen the relationship.

Nepal China sign BRI Framework

Context: The Prime Minister of Nepal is on an official visit to China. Nepal and China have recently signed the execution framework for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Beijing, indicating that Nepal will soon decide on projects for implementation.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Belt and Road Initiative

Mains: Effect of politics and policies of developed and developing countries on India’s interest.

To Sum up:

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a massive China-led infrastructure project that aims to stretch around the globe.
Some analysts see the project as a disturbing expansion of Chinese power, and the United States has struggled to offer a competing vision.
The initiative has stoked opposition in some Belt and Road countries that have experienced debt crises.
In fact, in the present case, Nepal is only inclined to accept funds in the forms of grants, whereas China is pushing funds in the form of investments.

About Belt and Road Initiative:

Belt and Road Initiative (also referred to as the New Silk Road) is an ambitious infrastructure project (development and investment initiatives) launched by China in 2013.

Key Features of BRI:

Two Components:
- Silk Road Economic Belt (overland network)
- Maritime Silk Road (sea-based trade routes)
Global Reach:
- Originally devised to link East Asia and Europe through physical infrastructure.
- Has expanded to Africa, Oceania, and Latin America, significantly broadening China’s economic and political influence.
Infrastructure Projects:
- To create a vast network of railways, energy pipelines, highways, and streamlined border crossings, and Special Economic Zones.
- To promote technological adoptions like the 5G network powered by telecommunications giant Huawei.

Geo-political Ambition:
- To expand Chinese global economic , political and technological influence.
- To expand the international use of Chinese currency (renminbi).
Present status:
- Around 147 countries have signed or expressed interest in BRI, comprising two-thirds of global population and 40% of global GDP.
- Except for India and Bhutan, all South Asian countries are part of the BRI.

China's objective behind Belt and Road Initiative:

Geopolitical Influence: To strengthen global ties, counter U.S. influence, and gain influence over participating countries.
Economic Expansion: Develop new trade routes, export markets, boost domestic growth and strengthen Renminbi.
Infrastructure Development: To enhance global infrastructure and link them with underdeveloped Chinese regions.
Energy Security: Ensure stable energy supplies from Central Asia and the Middle East to fuel Chinese manufacturing engines.
Domestic Stability: Promote growth in restive western provinces like Xinjiang.
Avoid Middle-Income Trap: Transition from low-skilled manufacturing to high-value industries for the Chinese economy.
Debt Diplomacy: Use financing terms to maintain geopolitical control in the Asia Pacific and South Asian region.

Roadblocks for the Belt and Road Initiative:

Debt Concerns: Many countries face high debt burdens from BRI loans, often at near-market rates, E.g., Sri Lanka
Transparency: Opaque bidding processes and reliance on Chinese firms have led to inflated costs and project cancellations in the Middle East.
Political Backlash: Countries like Malaysia and Pakistan have faced domestic criticism and budget issues linked to BRI projects.
Sovereignty: Projects like CPEC pass through Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, which has stoked opposition from India.
Global Economic Instability: COVID-19 and geopolitical conflicts like the Ukraine war have exacerbated repayment challenges.
Environmental Impact: BRI funding still supports nonrenewable energy projects despite commitments to reduce coal investments causing environmental impact.

Israel-Hezbollah Ceasefire Agreement 2024

Context: On November 27, 2024, Israel and Lebanon entered into a ceasefire agreement to end the 13-month-long conflict that escalated in September, 2023.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Key aspects of Israel-Hezbollah Ceasefire Agreement 2024, Important Locations (Blue line, Litani River), UNSC Resolution 1701.

Israel-Hezbollah Ceasefire Agreement 2024:

Aim: To restore stability along the Israel-Lebanon border and establish a mechanism to monitor compliance to the agreement.
The ceasefire agreement 2024 closely mirrors the provisions of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1701 adopted during the Israel-Lebanon War.
A crucial novelty in the agreement is the addition of the United States and France to the tripartite mechanism of Lebanon, Israel, and the UNIFIL that oversees the implementation of UNSCR 1701.

Key Provisions of the Ceasefire Agreement:

Withdrawal of Forces:
- Israeli forces will retreat south of the Blue Line (a UN-demarcated boundary between Israel and Lebanon) or withdraw from the Lebanese territory they have occupied since October 2023.
- Hezbollah (a militant group and political party in Lebanon) will withdraw its fighters to the north of the Litani River (river in Lebanon). (It does not call for complete disarmament of Hezbollah in Lebanon)
- The Lebanese Army will be the sole armed entity between the Litani River and the Blue Line. Lebanon is expected to implement a rigorous supervision of Hezbollah’s movements south of the Litani river to prevent militants from regrouping there. This would be monitored by UN peacekeeping troops, the Lebanese military and a multinational committee.
Timeline for Implementation: Both parties have 60 days to withdraw to their respective positions.
Conditional Ceasefire: Israel maintains the right to defend itself if Hezbollah violates the agreement (something that the Lebanese government rejects).

UNSC Resolution 1701:

The ceasefire agreement 2024 closely mirrors the provisions of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1701 adopted during the Israel-Lebanon War.
Resolution 1701 was passed by the UN Security Council (UNSC) in August 2006, calling for a full cessation of hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah.
- In July 2006, Israel invaded Lebanon after Hezbollah killed some Israeli soldiers and kidnapped others.
- The war lasted over a month and resulted in the deaths of over 1,000 Lebanese people and 170 Israelis.
This resolution called for:
- Disarmament of all armed groups in Lebanon such that there are no weapons or authority in the country other than that of the Lebanese State.
- Full respect by both parties for the Blue Line and security arrangements to prevent the resumption of hostilities.
- A maximum of 15,000 UNIFIL force strength (U.N. peacekeepers) to monitor the end of hostilities, help secure the area with Lebanese troops.

Israel's stand on the Agreement:

Relief for Israeli Forces: Israel's military was fighting a two-front war against Hezbollah in the north and Hamas in Gaza. The ceasefire gives the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) a chance to regroup, resupply, and recover from combat fatigue.
Focus on Iran: Ceasefire with Hezbollah allows Israel to redirect its military and intelligence forces towards countering Iran's regional influence. (Hezbollah is considered an Iranian proxy)
Isolation of Hamas: Israel is looking to isolate Hamas in Gaza by ending the conflict in Lebanon. The ceasefire provides a clearer strategic focus for the ongoing war in Gaza, where Israel is determined to dismantle Hamas' operational infrastructure.

Regional Implications of the Agreement:

Israel’s Regional Focus: The agreement allows Israel to focus on its operations in Gaza and against Iranian proxies in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.
Impact on Hezbollah: Despite the heavy losses, Hezbollah still has a strong influence in Lebanon's political and social spheres. The ceasefire will give Hezbollah a chance to rebuild its base and infrastructure.
Iran's move: Iran's acceptance of the ceasefire is in line with its overall policy of easing regional tensions while maintaining Hezbollah as a strategic proxy.

India’s stand:

India has welcomed the cease fire agreement. India has always called for de-escalation, restraint and return to the path of dialogue and diplomacy for peace and stability in the wider region.
India’s interests:
- The conflict between Hezbollah and Israel posed a threat to expatriate Indians in Lebanon and in Israel. New Delhi had been calling for de-escalation of tensions and cessation of hostilities.
- India had been concerned about the increasing Israeli attacks on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) that has a large number of Indian personnel.

Conclusion: The Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire agreement marks a temporary halt in hostilities, offering a window for stability along the Israel-Lebanon border. While it mirrors UNSC Resolution 1701, the involvement of international actors like the US and France adds a layer of complexity to its enforcement.

Wadge bank

Context: Indian diplomats, with previous experience in engaging with Sri Lanka, emphasized that Delhi successfully gained access to Wadge Bank and its abundant resources. India got formal sovereignty over Wadge Bank in 1976, two years after the agreement between India and Sri Lanka agreement over Katchtheevu as a part of Sri Lanka.

About Wadge Bank:

The Wadge Bank, located south of Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin), is a resource-rich deep sea fishing ground (submarine). It is a continental shelf nearly 80 kilometers (50 miles) seaward from the coast of Kanyakumari.
The India-Sri Lanka agreement of 1976 recognised the Wadge Bank as part of India’s exclusive economic zone, granting India sovereign rights over the area and its resources. Under the agreement, Sri Lankan fishing vessels and personnel were not allowed to engage in fishing activities in the Wadge Bank.
The agreement allowed Indian fishermen to use the resources in the Wadge Bank area.
In late 2023, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOPNG) invited Notice Inviting Offers (NIO) under the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) for the exploration of oil in Wadge Bank. However, residents of the area objected to it, highlighting the area’s importance to fishing communities in Kanyakumari.

Chinese infrastructure creation along border

Context: Chinese nationals have started occupying several of their model “Xiaokang” border defence villages across India’s north-eastern borders

China has been constructing 628 such “well-off villages” along India’s borders with the Tibet Autonomous Region, including Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh for over five years now.
This infrastructural drive raises concern in India as the dwellings are understood to be “dual-use infrastructure” i.e. it can be used for both civil and military purposes and seen as a Chinese assertion of its territorial claims along the LAC which remains disputed between the neighbouring countries.
China has also been constructing infrastructure, including border villages, in Bhutanese territory.

Indian Response to border construction

Indian government has launched Vibrant Village Programme with a three-fold objective that it aims to deliver

First, Improve connectivity and basic amenities in border villages to curb migration from these areas. Lack of roads, healthcare, education and economic opportunities have led to migration of youth from border villages in search of jobs. This poses challenges for border security as it reduces the population providing intelligence inputs.
Second, Boost the local economy in border villages through promotion of tourism, trade and handicrafts. This will provide livelihood support to communities living in harsh border conditions.
Third, Strengthen security in border areas by enabling access for defence forces and boosting the morale of local communities. Lack of infrastructure has hampered patrolling in some border areas. Locals acting as ‘eyes and ears’ also need to feel connected to the mainstream.
- The Government of India has identified villages in the eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh, and in the Tawang region such as Zemithang, Taksing, Chayang Tajo, Tuting and Kibithu.
- Further, three major highways are at different stages of construction in Arunachal Pradesh: the Trans-Arunachal Highway; the Frontier Highway; and the East-West Industrial Corridor Highway.
- There are plans to improve connectivity to Tawang with the construction of at least two alternate axes —in addition to the existing one connecting Guwahati and Tawang.

About LAC (Line of Actual Control)

The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km. The line is divided between the Eastern, Middle and the Western Sector.
Initially, India rejected the concept of LAC in both 1959 and 1962. However the LAC was discussed during Chinese Premier Li Peng’s 1991 visit to India, where PM P V Narasimha Rao and Li reached an understanding to maintain peace and tranquillity at the LAC.
India formally accepted the concept of the LAC when PV Narasimha Rao paid a return visit to Beijing in 1993 and the two sides signed the Agreement to Maintain Peace and Tranquillity at the LAC

Why did India accept LAC?

The Indian and Chinese patrols were coming in more frequent contact during the mid-1980s, after the government formed a China Study Group in 1976 which revised the patrolling limits, rules of engagement and pattern of Indian presence along the border.
Finally due to the Sumdorongchu standoff, when PM Rajiv Gandhi visited Beijing in 1988, the two sides agreed to negotiate a border settlement, and pending that, they would maintain peace and tranquillity along the border.

Difference between LOC and LAC?

The Line Of Control (LoC) emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War. It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries.
It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.

To Read more about India-China border dispute visit:

Recognition of McMahon Line by the US to mark boundary between India & China

India – France: Strategic partners

Context: French President Emmanuel Macron graced India's Republic Day as the chief guest, marking his third visit to India since 2018.

India – France Bilateral Relations:

India and France share a longstanding and amicable relationship, marked by a Strategic Partnership established in 1998. This partnership signifies their alignment on various global issues, in addition to fostering a robust bilateral connection. The primary pillars of this Strategic Partnership include cooperation in Defence & Security, Space, and Civil nuclear domains. Beyond these, both nations have expanded their collaboration to encompass new frontiers such as security in the Indian Ocean region, joint efforts in addressing climate change and mutual focus on sustainable growth and development. India and France exhibit a high degree of alignment on regional and global matters.

Areas of cooperation
Economic	India and France have important bilateral investments and commercial cooperation, particularly in sectors involving IT corridors, smart-cities, railways, capital and trade exchanges, skill development etc. France has emerged as a major source of FDI for India with more than 1,000 French establishments already present in India. France is the 11th largest foreign investor in India which accounts for 1.68% of the total FDI inflows into India. A Joint Economic Committee which exists at the Ministerial level has setup FAST-TRACK system for French companies in India and Indian companies in France.
Defence & Security	India signed an Inter-governmental agreement to purchase 36 Rafale fighter aircraft, with formal induction held in 2020. The P-75 Scorpene Project, involving the construction of six submarines under technology transfer from DCNS (Naval group). Further, both countries hold regular defence exercises; viz. Exercise Shakti (Army), Exercise Varuna (Navy), Exercise Garuda (Air Force). (#PrelimsFact)
Diplomatic collaboration	Both nations have extended their collaborative efforts beyond the original pillars of nuclear, space, and defense. The agenda now includes vital aspects such as counterterrorism, intelligence sharing, and cybersecurity. The joint statement issued by them reinforces shared perspectives on ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza, showcasing an enhanced and diversified collaboration that surpasses the initial focus areas. Notably, France holds the distinction of being the first P-5 country to endorse India's pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council (UNSC). During the visit of PM Modi to France in 2023, both countries shared a document, “Horizon 2047” a strategic road map for the next 25 years, which includes cooperation in defence, space, nuclear energy, climate change and green transitions as well as education and people-to-people ties.
Cultural collaboration	Indian culture holds a significant presence in France, evident with the upcoming Vivekananda Cultural Centre in Paris. The ‘Namaste France’ cultural festival, initiated after President Hollande's 2016 visit, showcased diverse aspects of Indian culture across 40 French cities. In reciprocation, ‘Bonjour India’ was organized in India by French communities from November 2017 to February 2018. Moreover, every year at the famous Cannes Film Festival, an Indian delegation participates through an India pavilion to promote Indian films at the international stage.
Space & Technology	India and France have a rich history of cooperation in the field of space for over fifty years with ISRO and the French Space Agency, CNES carrying on various joint research programmes and launch of satellites. India and France issued a “Joint Vision for Space Cooperation” in 2018 and exchanged cooperative proposals addressing Earth observation, Maritime domain awareness, Global navigation satellite system, exploration of solar system, space transportation system and human spaceflight. CNES is supporting Indian human space flight programme – Gaganyaan, in the field of space medicine and supply of crew support elements.
Civil Nuclear Cooperation	An agreement on civil nuclear cooperation was signed between India and France in 2008. Subsequently, in 2010, the General Framework Agreement and the Early Works Agreement for the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP) were signed. (#PrelimsFact). Further, India is a member of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a multi-national consortium formed to construct an experimental fusion reactor, located in Cadarache, France. (#PrelimsFact)
Environment	Both India & France laid the foundation of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) at COP 15 Paris Summit to develop and deploy cost-effective and transformational energy solutions powered by the sun to help member countries develop low-carbon growth trajectories. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) on renewable energy was also signed which aims to enhance bilateral cooperation in solar, wind, hydrogen, and biomass energy. Notably, India joined the French-led High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People, aiming to safeguard 30% of global lands and oceans by 2030.
Diaspora / Community	The estimated Indian community in mainland France, including NRIs, is approximately 1,00,000, primarily originating from French enclaves like Puducherry, Karaikal, Yanam, Mahe, and Chandernagore. France hosts over 50 active Indian community organizations, with major communities hailing from Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Punjab. During President Macron's visit to India in March 2018, a Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement was signed, facilitating temporary circular migration. (#PrelimsFact)
Maritime sector	Both nations hold significant influence in Indian ocean and Indo – Pacific region. Emphasizing the critical importance of the Indian Ocean Region, the "Joint Strategic Vision of India-France Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region" was welcomed by leadership from both countries, outlining a strategic framework for enhancing their ties. In 2022, they jointly established the Indo-Pacific Trilateral Development Cooperation Fund, aiming to support innovative and sustainable solutions for regional countries. Additionally, a reciprocal logistic agreement has been concluded, enabling India to leverage French facilities in Djibouti, Abu Dhabi, and Reunion Island, enhancing its strategic capabilities in the region.
Educational collaboration	In the field of S&T, the Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advance Research (CEFIPRA) based in New Delhi, established in 1987, plays a major role by identifying and funding joint proposals for research projects. Both countries have signed an Administrative Arrangement for Cooperation in Skill Development and Vocational Training under Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement. Further, Knowledge Summit is being organized which is a bilateral forum dedicated to scientific and academic cooperation between France and India.

As the enduring and trusted partnership between India and France continues to evolve, the deepening geopolitical dynamics in the Indo-Pacific region offer a compelling opportunity for an even closer collaboration, particularly in bolstering India's military capabilities.

Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)

Context: India and Nepal signed an agreement on long term power sharing without making any forward movement on Pancheshwar Multipurpose project.

About Pancheshwar Multipurpose project (PMP):

It is a bi-national hydropower project to be developed on Mahakali River bordering Nepal and India.
Development of PMP is covered under integrated Mahakali Treaty signed between Nepal and India according to which, equal sizes of underground power house i.e. of 3240MV will be constructed on each side of Mahakali river in India and Nepal.
It offers the benefit of regulated water for irrigation to a vast area of agricultural land both in Nepal and India along with the benefit of flood control downstream.

About Mahakali Treaty:

It is an agreement signed in 1996 between the Government of Nepal and the Government of India regarding the development of the watershed of Mahakali River.
It calls for an integrated development of barrage, dams and hydropower for mutual cooperation of the two countries by managing the water resources.
It recognizes the Mahakali River as a boundary river between the two countries.

About Mahakali or Sharda River:

The Sharda River, also called Kali River and Mahakali River, originates at Kalapani in the Himalayas in the Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand, India.
It flows along Nepal's western border with India.
It joins the Ghaghra River, a tributary of the Ganges.
It takes the name Kali River from the union of the two streams at Gunji as it flows through the hills. After Brahmadev Mandi near Tanakpur, it enters the Terai plains, where it is called the Sharda River.

Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project

Context: Kaladan Multimodal Project has suffered a setback due to the capture of a Paletwa town in Myanmar by a rebel group.

About Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project (KMTTP)

It will connect the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport in Rakhine State, Myanmar by sea.
In Myanmar, it will then link Sittwe seaport to Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan river boat route, and then from Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in Northeast India.
It will reduce distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by approximately 1,328 km and will reduce the need to transport goods through the narrow Siliguri corridor, also known as Chicken's Neck.

Instability in Myanmar

Context: The article talks about the situation in Myanmar which has been under military rule for the last three years. The country today is challenged with violent conflicts between the political class, military regime, and ethnic organisations with no one emerging as a clear victor

The historic analysis of Myanmar’s social and political structure reveals that neither before nor during British colonial rule the task of nation-building was done wherein a unified polity where its Bamar majority and a mixture of ethnic and religious minorities could live peacefully.

Present contestation?

There is a power struggle going on between the two centres with political class and ethnic organisations on one side and military on the other.
The political class, represented by the unrecognised group called the National Unity Government (NUG), has defied the odds to assert itself through militia units called the People’s Defence Forces. The NUG has articulated its vision of a ‘federal democratic union’. However due to the regime's ruthless suppression, its leaders operate underground or from Thailand.
The ethnic armed organisations on the other hand have inflicted a heavy toll on the Myanmar military along the Thai border in the south-east and the Chinese border in the north-east. The victories secured at the end of 2023 by the Three Brotherhood Alliance comprising the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, the Arakan Army, and the Ta’ang National Liberation Army shook the army. However the ethnic organisations remain divided as under different factions some oppose the army, some support it quietly, and some stay neutral.
The most powerful pillar of the power architecture Tatmadaw or the military has never faced such a dismal situation. Most citizenry is opposed to it, viewing it as a oppressor and harbinger of basic fundamental rights. Further within Army there is now considerable discontent within the military against its current leadership.
Lastly, various attempts by multilateral organisations like the United Nations, ASEAN, Japan, and Myanmar’s neighbours have been unable to move the country towards reconciliation. In particular, that the military has resiled from the ASEAN’s Five Point Consensus has dashed the region’s hopes for a settlement.

India’s interests, options

Implications of Myanmar’s Military Coup

Border security: Refugees fleeing military crackdown are entering Mizoram. This has led to disagreement between centre & Mizoram which supports refugees. Centre’s instruction of sealing border with Myanmar has irked ethnically and culturally connected communities on both sides. Ex – Chin community.
Strategic concern: India cannot upset the Myanmar junta by providing refuge to the officials fleeing military crackdown.
Containing China: Myanmar being crucial in containing China, India will have to take a calculated steps to not push Myanmar closer to China.
Insurgency: Several ethnic armed organisations are active within Myanmar. Being opposed to Junta, EAOs can lead to escalation in violence across the border.
Indian Investments: Instability would threaten India’s investments in Myanmar. Ex. Kaladan Project, Sittwe port, IMT trilateral Highway, Special economic zone in Rakhine.
Opportunity to reduce influence of China: Myanmar army has enjoyed a relatively strong relationship with India. It played a key role in handling the insurgency and Hot Pursuits of India. Su Kyi led democratic government was closer to China. China supported it on Rohingya crisis.
Drug trafficking: Drug production has shot up exponentially in Shan Province of Myanmar. The region was earlier large producers of heroine. However, currently it is world’s largest producer & exporter of meth (more potent & profitable). Most key individuals controlling the drug trade are pro-junta businessman as well as ethnic militia.

Way Forward for India:

Maintaining Cordial Relations: India's current policy of maintaining cordial relations with the government while supporting democracy is acknowledged as successful in strengthening bilateral ties. This approach recognizes the need for a balanced stance. The recommendation is to thus balance friendly ties with the military government while expanding engagement with other stakeholders which can be done via backchannel diplomacy which seeks to protect India's national interests.
Non-Interference in Internal Affairs: Emphasizing non-interference in Myanmar's internal affairs is crucial. This stance aligns with diplomatic principles and respects the sovereignty of nations, reinforcing the idea that India's engagement is based on mutual respect.
Communication with Resistance Components: Establishing communication links with certain components of the resistance, such as the Chin National Army, Arakan Army, and the National Unity Government (NUG), demonstrates an understanding of the evolving situation and the need for inclusive dialogue.
Message of Cessation of Violence: Conveying a strong message advocating the cessation of violence and the restoration of normalcy to both the government and the resistance reflects India's commitment to peace and stability in the region.
International Conclave: The proposal to convene a Peace Conclave involving senior officials from Quad member states and the ASEAN Troika reflects a multilateral approach. This platform could provide a space for dialogue and collaboration on addressing the Myanmar situation and also acknowledging India's support for the transition to a federal democracy
Focus on Aung San Suu Kyi: Highlighting the need for immediate freedom for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is a human rights and justice-oriented component in India's approach. This reinforces the importance of individual liberties in the broader diplomatic context.

India-Japan engagement in South East Asian region

Context: Philippines is redirecting its attention to Japan and India as alternative sources of development and security due to the geopolitical and sustainability concerns that have emerged due to Chinese led infrastructure projects.

This is reflective of its motive to deepen and broaden its security and economic partnerships with like-minded partners amidst Beijing’s growing unwillingness to act and behave like a responsible neighbour.
This comes at a time when two collisions were reported earlier between Chinese vessels and Philippine boats on a resupply mission to Filipino troops on a remote outpost in the disputed South China Sea.

Importance of South China Sea

Natural Resources: The presence of substantial oil and natural gas reserves beneath the South China Sea, estimated at 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, makes it a valuable resource-rich area. Access to these resources is a significant economic incentive for countries in the region.
Fishing Grounds: The South China Sea is home to abundant and productive fishing grounds, providing a vital source of income and sustenance for millions of people across multiple countries. The fisheries in the area support regional livelihoods and are crucial for food security.
Trade Routes: The South China Sea is a critical trade route, with over 21% of global trade, valued at $3.37 trillion, passing through its waters. It connects major economies and serves as a lifeline for international commerce, making it vital for global economic stability.
Geopolitical Tensions: The territorial disputes in the South China Sea, particularly involving China, the United States, and Southeast Asian nations, have heightened geopolitical tensions in the region. The United States supports many Southeast Asian states in these disputes, adding to the complexities of the situation and influencing the balance of power.
ASEAN Inconsistencies: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states have differing positions on China's maritime assertiveness and militarization in the South China Sea. These inconsistencies have contributed to the challenges in resolving disputes and maintaining regional stability.
Quad Concerns: The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), comprising the United States, Japan, India, and Australia, acknowledges the importance of addressing Chinese aggression in the South China Sea. They view this region as a critical theatre for regional security, with Japan particularly vested in the stability of maritime Southeast Asia. The Quad is also concerned about the potential implications of Chinese actions on Taiwan, and the security dynamics in the broader Indo-Pacific region.

Cooperation between Philippines and Japan

Close Strategic Partnership: The Philippines and Japan have a close strategic partnership. Japan is identified as a major investor in the Philippines, contributing significantly to the country's economic development.
- Additionally, Japan is the largest source of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) for the Philippines, indicating a strong economic and developmental collaboration. Thus the current state of ties between the Philippines and Japan is described as a "golden age." This often implies a period of exceptionally positive and fruitful cooperation between the two nations.
Japanese Prime Minister's Visit: The visit of the Japanese Prime Minister to the Philippines is a notable event. High-level visits between leaders of countries signify the importance both nations place on their relationship
- Japan as the First Recipient of Overseas Security Assistance (OSA): The statement mentions that the Philippines is the first recipient of Japan's Overseas Security Assistance (OSA). This indicates a willingness on the part of Japan to collaborate with the Philippines in matters related to security, potentially including areas such as defence and counterterrorism.
- Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA) Negotiations: The formalization of negotiations for a Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA) is a significant development. Such agreements typically involve mutual access to each other's military facilities and are indicative of a deepening security partnership between the two nations.

Cooperation between Philippines and India

Advancements in Bilateral Partnership: Philippines is reportedly incorporating India in its strategic calculations, indicating a growing relationship between the two countries.
High-Level Bilateral Visits: These visits between the Philippines and India serve to strengthen diplomatic ties and foster collaboration on various fronts.
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Coast Guards: It has been signed between the Philippine and Indian Coast Guards which will enhance interoperability, intelligence sharing, and maritime domain awareness between the two nations.
Offer of Helicopters: India has offered to supply the Philippine Coast Guard with seven indigenously manufactured helicopters. This offer is based on a soft loan agreement with extended payment terms, indicating a cooperative effort in enhancing the maritime capabilities of the Philippines.
BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile Delivery: The understanding regarding delivery of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile to the Philippines would signify a defence collaboration between India and the Southeast Asian country.

India and Japan collaboration

The geopolitical developments in the South East Asian region thus presents an opportunity for both India and Japan which is captivated upon by them through

Bolstered Engagements in Southeast Asia: Both Japan and India are actively engaging with Southeast Asian countries. This engagement is seen as a strategic move to counterbalance China's growing economic influence and military capabilities in the region
Top Choices for Alternative Indo-Pacific Strategic Partners: According to the State of Southeast Asian Survey in 2023, Japan and India are identified as the top two choices for alternative Indo-Pacific strategic partners among Southeast Asian countries. This indicates a preference among these nations to diversify their strategic partnerships beyond traditional alliances.

Apart from this India-Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership is also categorized by

Convergence on free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
Defence and security and in the region. – Quad, MALABAR.
India and Japan signed a Reciprocal Provision of Supplies and Services Agreement (RPSS).
The 2+2 ministerial meeting is present between two countries.

Japan's Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)’ Strategy and India's ‘Act East’ Policy converge in action in the northeast of India—a bridge between South and Southeast Asia. Ex – Act EAST Forum.
New Delhi and Tokyo have also embarked on a third-country cooperation model in the Indo-Pacific and beyond by Collaboration through infrastructure development in third countries (in the Indo- Pacific) such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Bangladesh.
Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC)—a collaborative effort to soft-balance China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project.

Thus India should focus on third-country developmental model with Tokyo into the sub-region of the greater Indo-Pacific at a time when resident countries are looking for alternative sources of development and security amidst the polarising dynamics of the U.S.-China power competition. Thus the three democracies (Japan, India and Philippines) can explore new opportunities for multi-faceted strategic cooperation.

ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM Plus)

Context: Defence Minister of India will participate in the 10th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Defence Ministers' Meeting Plus (ADMM Plus) to be held in Jakarta, Indonesia.

More about the news:

Alongside the ADMM Plus meetings, Indian defence minister will engage in bilateral discussions with the defence ministers of participating nations to address defence cooperation and enhance mutually beneficial partnerships.
ADMM Plus, involving ASEAN member-states: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam and eight dialogue partners.
India initiated formal involvement with ASEAN in 1992, as a ‘Sectoral Dialogue Partner’ involving Secretary-level interactions. This engagement progressed, and by 1995, India attained the status of a ‘Dialogue Partner.’

About ADMM Plus:

The ASEAN Security Community (ASC) Plan of Action, endorsed during the 10th ASEAN Summit, outlines the commitment to establish an annual ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting (ADMM).
In line with this, the inaugural ADMM took place in Kuala Lumpur in 2006, becoming the preeminent defence consultative and cooperative mechanism within ASEAN.
The ADMM-Plus serves as a pivotal platform for ASEAN and its eight Dialogue Partners-Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States (referred to collectively as the ‘Plus Countries’).
- This collaborative effort is aimed at strengthening security and defence cooperation to contribute to peace, stability, and development in the region.
- The inaugural ADMM-Plus convened in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2010.
Since 2017, the ADMM-Plus holds annual meetings, providing a forum for intensified dialogue and cooperation among ASEAN and the Plus Countries, particularly in the face of a progressively challenging regional security landscape.

Objectives:

Foster the development of capabilities among ASEAN Member States to collectively address shared security challenges, recognizing the diverse capacities of each member.
Promote mutual trust and confidence among defence establishments through increased dialogue and transparency, fostering a cooperative and open atmosphere.
Collaborate in defence and security initiatives to enhance regional peace and stability, particularly in response to the transnational security challenges prevalent in the region.
Contribute to the realization of an ASEAN Security Community, aligning with the principles outlined in the Bali Concord II.
This includes striving for peace, stability, democracy, and prosperity within the region, with ASEAN Member States coexisting harmoniously with each other and the broader global community.
Facilitate the implementation of the Vientiane Action Programme, which outlines ASEAN's commitment to building a peaceful, secure, and prosperous ASEAN.
This involves adopting outward-looking external relations strategies with Dialogue Partners in line with shared objectives.

Achievements:

ADMM Plus concentrates on seven key areas of practical collaboration, namely maritime security (MS), counter-terrorism (CT), humanitarian assistance and disaster management (HADR), peacekeeping operations (PKO), military medicine (MM), humanitarian mine action (HMA), and cyber security (CS).
To facilitate cooperation in these domains, Experts' Working Groups (EWGs) have been established.
Operating on a three-year cycle, each EWG is co-chaired by one ASEAN Member State and one Plus Country.

Membership:

Principles for Membership, delineates the criteria for participating in the ADMM-Plus process as follows:

The Plus country must hold the status of a full-fledged Dialogue Partner of ASEAN.
The Plus country should have substantial interactions and relations with the defence establishment of ASEAN.
The Plus country must demonstrate its ability to collaborate with the ADMM in building capacity, contributing significantly to regional security, and actively promoting capacity-building initiatives in the realms of defence and security within the region.

India-Australia ties

Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Australia. The visit which was originally planned for a multilateral event, the meeting of the Quad, it transformed into a purely bilateral visit after the U.S. President pulled out over domestic political constraints; Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida followed suit, and a shortened Quad Summit was held in Hiroshima. As a result, PM visit to Australia was much more in the spotlight.

It needs to be highlighted that that purpose of such visits is conducive to strengthening the common understanding between both countries, or in the best interests of the “three D’s” i.e.— Democracy, Diaspora and Dosti [Friendship] as earlier reiterated by PM Modi.

During the recent visit the discussions focused in multiple areas with areas covering like that of cooperation in defence and security, trade and investment, new and renewable energy, green hydrogen, critical minerals, education, migration and mobility and people to people ties

Institutionalisation of India-Australia Summit: India & Australia has upgraded their relationship to Annual bilateral summits at the highest political level in 2023. A Consulate General of India in Brisbane was also established highlighting the growing trust, convergence of interests among the two middle powers.

India & Australia have already raised their relationship status to India-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership level.

Strategic aspect of relations: The leaders also reiterated their determination to ensure a peaceful, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, underpinned by a rules-based international order. They also discussed reform of UN Security Council.

Australian leader also expressed strong support to India's G20 Presidency and initiatives.

Economic aspect of relations: Australia has a large number of expatriate Indians to contribute to its economy. Also, it is a place where large number of Indian students go for higher education and employment. In this respect, the signing of India-Australia Migration & Mobility Partnership Agreement will further facilitate mobility of students, professionals, researchers, academics. This will be done through a new skilled pathway named MATES (Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early Professionals Scheme) specifically created for India.
A Business Roundtable with CEOs of top Australian companies was also organised, and the business leaders were invited to invest in India in areas particularly including that of digital infrastructure, IT, fintech, telecom, semiconductors, space, renewable energy including green hydrogen, education, pharma, healthcare including medical devices manufacturing, mining including critical minerals, textile, agriculture & food processing.
Partnership in emerging technologies: The two countries have also finalized Terms of Reference of the India-Australia Hydrogen Task Force, to focus on deployment of clean hydrogen, fuel cells etc highlighting the cooperation in areas beyond traditional spheres of diplomacy.

However despite of the increasing cooperation between the two countries there are still deep challenges that exist between two countries

Challenges in India-Australia Ties

Dichotomous Australian foreign policy: There is some misalignment in Australia’s economic and political interests. Though Australia has been actively engaging with India and US as part of QUAD grouping, its economy still depends on China owing to its huge share in bilateral trade and investment.
Lingering CECA: Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) has not yet materialised though the negotiation started in 2011. This is a hindrance to the bilateral trade.
Withdrawal from RCEP: One reasons for India’s withdrawal from RCEP was objection from farmer organisations and diary cooperatives due to fears of flooding of cheaper agricultural and dairy products from Australia.
Challenges in Indian economy: Australia feels India is too complicated for its growth story to be linear and has scepticism about India’s economic progress, which is constrained by political compromise, burdened by interfering bureaucracy , dented by corruption and shaped by a political tradition which puts greater faith in government intervention than the efficiency of market.