Society & Social justice

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No cause for alarm

Context: More than three years after the COVID-19 pandemic began, newer variants have emerged with an uptick in cases, hospitalisations, and even deaths.

Major Highlights:

After Kappa, Delta, BA.2.75, and BA.2.76, the latest variant (first detected in India) is the Omicron recombinant XBB.1.16. This variant accounts for over 30% of all sequenced genomes in March 2023, and its proportion has been increasing.
However, there is no need for alarm as there has been no concomitant increase in hospitalisations, even among vulnerable groups, which suggests that clinical severity in infected people might not be a concern.
- India is fully relying on hybrid immunity arising from vaccination and natural infection for extended protection.
- Fortunately, the estimated 95% of India’s population above 12 years possessing hybrid immunity has been shielding people from serious COVID-19 disease even when a few Omicron variants caused a spike in 2022.

Way Forward:

People, especially from vulnerable groups, carry a higher risk of infection from COVID, so they need to follow basic precautions such as wearing a mask in closed space settings when newer variants emerge.
There is a need to increase whole genome sequencing to help track the new variants that might emerge and gear the country for any major outbreak.

Hybrid immunity:

Hybrid immunity refers to the protection against a disease that results from a combination of natural immunity gained through infection and vaccination-induced immunity. E.g., A person who had previously contracted COVID-19 and then received a COVID-19 vaccine would have hybrid immunity to the virus.
Research suggests that hybrid immunity may provide better protection against certain diseases than either natural or vaccine-induced immunity alone. However, the extent of protection and the duration of hybrid immunity is an area of active research and varies depending on the specific disease and the individual's immune response.

AFSPA removed from 3 police station limits in Nagaland

Context: According to a notification, The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has further removed the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) from the jurisdiction of three police stations in Wokha and Zunheboto districts of Nagaland, while one more police station in Arunachal Pradesh has been declared as a “disturbed area” under the Act.

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958

Powers to declare areas to be disturbed areas (Section 3) – If, in relation to any state or Union Territory to which this act extends, the Governor of that State or the administrator of that Union Territory or the Central Government, in either case, if of the opinion that the whole or any part of such State of Union territory, as the case may be, is in such a disturbed or dangerous condition that the use of armed forces in aid of the civil power is necessary, the Governor of that State or the Administrator of that Union Territory or the Central Government, as the case may be, may by notification in the Official Gazette, declare the whole or such part of such State or Union territory to be a disturbed area.

Application of AFSPA

The ASPA was first applied to the Seven Sister States of North East India, including Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland, on 1 September, 1958, to stop the North Eastern States seceding from the Indian Union.
Later Punjab and Chandigarh also came within the purview of this act, which was later withdrawn in 1997.
AFSPA was then applied to the state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1990 and has been in force since then.

Special powers of the armed forces

Any commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer or any other person of equivalent rank in the armed forces may, in a disturbed area:

For the maintenance of public order, after giving such due warning as he may consider necessary, fire upon or otherwise use force, even to the causing of death, against any person who is acting in contravention of any law or order.
They can prohibit assembly of five or more persons or the carrying of weapons or of things capable of being used as weapons or of fire-arms, ammunition or explosive substances in the disturbed area.
They can destroy any arms dump, prepared or fortified position or shelter or any structure used as a training camp for armed volunteers or utilised as a hide-out by armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence.
Enter and search any premises without warrant and make any arrest or recover any person who are believed to be wrongfully restrained.
No prosecution, suit or other legal proceeding shall be instituted, except with the previous sanction of the Central Government, against any person regarding anything done or purported to be done in exercise of the powers conferred under the Act.

Arguments in favour of AFSPA

Needed to maintain morale of the force.
Insurgents will gain upper hand in absence of it.
Troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious risk from armed combatants.
Provides legal backing for the Armed Forces to act in domestic civilian areas. Currently, the armed forces act enables them to only act against enemies.

Arguments against AFSPA

Provision for immunity of security forces urges them to act more brutally.
Seen as a reason for increasing radicalization in insurgency ridden areas because of the little accountability for the excesses committed in discharge of power given by the act.
Instances of abuse and extra-judicial killings in Manipur have been upheld by even Supreme court in 2016. The Supreme Court in this case ruled that the armed forces cannot escape investigation for excesses during the discharge of their duty even in “disturbed areas.”
Though there are many violent insurrections in India which must be handled militarily but in the short run. Even after so many years, if the situation in these states has not changed, this points to some flaws in the law itself.

Checks and balances to stop misuse of AFSPA

SC in 1998 on constitutionality of AFSPA: Upheld constitutional Validity of AFSPA. However, it suggested some measures that should be followed.
- A Suo-motto declaration can be made by the Central Government; however, it is desirable that the state government should be consulted by the Central Government before making the declaration.
- AFSPA does not confer arbitrary powers to declare an area as a 'disturbed area.
- Declaration must be for a limited duration and there should be a periodic review of the declaration 6 months have expired.
- While exercising the powers conferred upon him by AFSPA, the authorized officer should use minimal force necessary for effective action.
Santosh hedge commission on Manipur encounter
- FSPA was an impediment to achieving peace in regions such as J&K and the Northeast.
- The law needs to be reviewed every six months to see whether its implementation is necessary in states where it is being enforced.
- AFSPA does not provide blanket Immunity to the officers. Suggested fixing a period of three months for the central government to decide whether to prosecute security personnel engaged in extrajudicial killings or unruly behaviour in insurgency-hit regions.
- Action can be taken but with prior sanction of the Central Government.
BP Jeevan Reddy Commission in 2004
- AFSPA should be repealed, and appropriate provisions should be inserted in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.
- Unlawful Activities (UAPA) Act should be modified to clearly specify the powers of the armed forces and paramilitary forces.
- Grievance redressal cells should be set up in each district where the armed forces are deployed.
Second Administrative Reforms Commission
- Recommended to repeal of AFSPA, 1958. Its scrapping would remove sentiments of discrimination and alienation among the people of the Northeast India.
- Amend the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 inserting a new chapter to deploy the armed forces of the Union in the North-eastern States.
- Supported a new doctrine of policing & criminal justice inherent in an inclusive approach to governance.

Way Forward

Army must be completely transparent in investigating allegations of violations of human rights and bringing the violators to speedy justice. Exemplary punishment must be meted out where the charges are proved.

The Rehabilitation Council of India

What is The Rehabilitation Council of India?

The Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) was set up as a registered society in 1986.

Statutory status of RCI

On September 1992 the RCI Act was enacted by Parliament and it became a Statutory Body on 22 June 1993. The Act was amended by Parliament in 2000 to make it more broad-based.

What is the Mandate of RCI?

The mandate given to RCI is to regulate and monitor services given to persons with disability,
to standardise syllabi and to maintain a Central Rehabilitation Register of all qualified professionals and personnel working in the field of Rehabilitation and
Special Education.
The Act also prescribes punitive action against unqualified persons delivering services to persons with disability.

Other Policies for Rehabilitation in India?

Directive Principles of State Policy remarks that the State should deliver every possible help in case of:

Old age
Sickness
Disablement
Unemployment

Laws in India to deal with disabilities

To empower people with disabilities, the Government of India has enacted the following legislation over the years:

Indian Lunacy Act, 1912
Mental Health Act, 1987
Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992
Persons With Disability Act, 1995
National Trust Act, 1999
Right To Education Act, 2010

What are the statutory rights of the people who need medical rehabilitation?

Service by a qualified and trained rehab professional who has been registered by the Council.
Maintenance of a certain standard of professional conduct by the rehabilitation providers. If not met, then the professionals face disciplinary action and even removal from RCI.
Guarantee that all rehabilitation professionals are under the regulation of a statutory council, which comes under the preview of the central government.

Issues associated with rehabilitation in India

Non-compliance with standards.
Limited access to assistive devices. For example, hearing aid distributors found that the current production level of hearing aids only meets 10% of the worldwide need. In developing countries, that number is reduced to 3%! Of all the people who require hearing aid in countries like India and Africa, only 3% get them. Limited access to assistive devices leads to:
Deterioration in health
Restricted activity
Constraint with Participation
Increased dependency
Reduced quality of life
Rehab centres are limited to urban areas like Chennai. This centralisation and concentration of medical rehabilitation have left tier 2 and 3 cities with inadequate access to services.
Another issue in India is the insufficient rehabilitation personnel with appropriate training and experience. The lack of proper physiatrists is a significant hurdle physical medicine and rehabilitation have to overcome.

What is the Way forward?

More investment and financing are required so that every person in the nation can get easy access to rehab facilities.
The supply and capacity of personnel need to be amplified. For this, education and training are a must; followed by recruitment and retention.
The delivery of rehabilitation services must be integrated with the current healthcare system. For example, by coordinating with a hospital in Chennai, we are able to deliver crucial help to dozens of patients each year. It ensures early intervention which leads to more recovered patients.
The last but not least step required to make the lives of those who live with disability better is assistive technology. More local manufacturing, reduction in taxes and good follow-up can make a world of difference.

OBC census

The Union Government on March 14 informed Lok Sabha that the Justice G. Rohini Commission which is looking into the sub-categorisation has been working without the data from the last Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) conducted in 2011.

Need for Caste-based Census:

Estimate change in demography: Present reservations and other welfare scheme entitlements to OBC are still based on the population estimates of 1931.
Bring about social justice: Help governments’ welfare schemes reach the most backward and deprived castes that have been marginalised till date.
Help rationalize reservation policy as per need of a specific caste or community: Land fragmentation and decades of agricultural stagnation have turned many upper caste landowners into marginal farmers. Whereas rising rural wage has benefitted some of the backward classes including Dalits.
Demand for Reservations: There has been demands to expand OBC reservation (as the present 50% cap is arbitrary) and inclusion of dominant castes like Jats, Kapus, Patidars, Marathas etc. into OBC category. Often these demands are not based on scientific evidence. Hence, a Caste based socio-economic census will bring out the real picture.
OBC Sub-categorisation: OBC membership is large and heterogeneous, with vast intra-caste differences in socio-economic conditions. Some better-off groups among OBC castes have cornered a disproportionately large share of seats reserved for OBCs giving rise to demand of sub-classification of various caste groups among OBCs. Caste based socio economic census will help in such classification.
Assess impact of Affirmative action: A socio economic caste census would help in assessing how far the extension of reservations to OBCs benefited them.

Rohini Commission:

This Commission was constituted under article 340 of Constitution with mandate is to examine issues of sub-categorization within Other Backward Classes in Central List.

Findings/suggestions:

It found that 97% of all jobs and educational seats have gone to just 25% of all sub-castes classified. And around 25% of these jobs and seats went to just 10 OBC communities.
983 OBC communities, 1/3rd of the total, had almost had zero representation in jobs and admissions in educational institutions.
Proposed to divide 27% reservation for the castes on the Central list into four sub-categories.

Rohini Commission: This Commission was constituted under article 340 of Constitution with mandate is to examine issues of sub-categorization within Other Backward Classes in Central List. Findings/suggestions: It found that 97% of all jobs and educational seats have gone to just 25% of all sub-castes classified. And around 25% of these jobs and seats went to just 10 OBC communities.983 OBC communities, 1/3rd of the total, had almost had zero representation in jobs and admissions in educational institutions. Proposed to divide 27% reservation for the castes on the Cent

Higher Education

AISHE report
The Ministry of Education, Government of India has released All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-2021.

The Ministry has been conducting All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) since 2011, covering all higher educational institutions located in Indian Territory and imparting higher education in the country.

The survey collects detailed information on different parameters such as student enrolment, teacher’s data, infrastructural information, financial information etc.

Key findings of the survey: The total enrolment in higher education has increased to nearly 4.14 crore in 2020-21 from 3.85 crore in 2019-20. Since 2014-15, there has been an increase of around 72 Lakh in the enrolment (21%).

Higher education's Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) has also surpassed 27.3%. The GER measures the proportion of adults between the ages of 18 and 23 who are enrolled in college. It was determined using data from the 2011 Census.The Female enrolment has increased to 2.01 crore from 1.88 crore in 2019-20.

There has been an increase of around 44 Lakh (28%) since 2014-15.

Female GER has overtaken Male GER since 2017-18. Gender Parity Index (GPI), the ratio of female GER to male GER, has increased from 1 in 2017-18 to 1.05 in 2020-21.

There has been a noticeable increase in the enrolment of students from Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) in higher education institutions between 2014–15 and 2020–21.

ST students have seen the largest growth, with a nearly 47% increase. Government universities constitute contribute 73.1% of total enrolment of students. Whereas private universities account for only 26.3% of the total enrolment.

The University Grant Commission (UGC) has unveiled draft norms to allow foreign universities to set up campuses in India. The draft rules are intended to regulate the entry and operations of Foreign Universities to conduct various degrees, diplomas and certificate programmes.

The draft regulations provided foreign universities intended to setup in India with significant freedom in terms of fee structure, recruiting staff, designing courses and awarding degrees, diplomas and certificates. This was done, in line with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, to promote internationalisation of the higher education in India.

Internationalisation of Higher Education:

Internationalisation of higher education promotes sharing of best academic and research practices through interactions between diverse education systems, and helps in developing global citizens through mobility of students and scholars. In Indian context, this aspect of internationalisation of higher education is as old as education itself. Ancient universities like Takshashila and Nalanda attracted many scholars from various parts of the globe. In modern times, globalisation gave opportunities to attract international students, academics and funding and many Indian Higher Education Institutions are now committed to increase their global outreach.

Need for Internationalisation of Higher education in India:

Improve global rankings: Though few Indian educational institutions are appearing in world rankings of universities, the score for “Internationalisation” among all the indicators is found to be relatively poor for them. Thus, Internationalisation of Higher Education may act as the catalyst to spur many Indian universities to improve their global rankings.
Potential for foreign investment: There is exponential growth in number of students enrolled in higher education outside their country and this trend is likely to continue.

However, as on December 2020, India had more than 10 Lakhs students studying abroad (MEA 2021). whereas, number for foreign students coming to India for the purpose of higher education as per All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2019-2020, is around 50,000.

Quality upgradation: systematic internationalisation of higher education will result in increased global outreach, knowledge acquisition, development of internationally relevant curricular framework and sharing of teaching-learning-research best practices.

In order to promote internationalization of higher education in India, the Government of India has taken several initiatives. These include:

Establishment of the National Commission for Higher Education and Research (NCHER) which aims to facilitate and coordinate the internationalization of higher education in India.
Launch of the Study in India programme, which seeks to attract more foreign students to Indian universities.
Launch of several international scholarships, such as the Prime Minister's Scholarship Scheme and the Central Sector Scheme of Scholarship for Foreign Students, to attract students from abroad.

Rural Urban Dichotomy

The different nature of rural and urban spaces in the country, ranging on all different dimensions including governance, environment, education, health, infrastructure and development, is the rural-urban dichotomy in principle. It is economic, cultural, social, historical and well as political in nature.

Reasons for Rural-Urban dichotomy

Economically

Lack of formal credit institutions in rural areas makes it difficult to invest in capital formation.
- Lack of industrialisation
- High seasonal and disguised unemployment
- Failing APMC regime
- Concentration of capital in cities
- Occupational mobility is higher in urban areas
- Booming startup culture in urban areas

Social reasons

Rural Indian society tends to be more patriarchal than urban setup
- Caste discrimination more rampant in rural areas
- Girls’ education upto a limited extent in rural areas
- Urban areas tend to modernise on lines with western culture more frequently
- Liberal values are promoted in urban settings compared to rural areas

Historical reasons

Old cities were establishments of kings, ministers and nobles in medieval times and residences of rich traders, aristocrats and British officers in modern times
- Urban areas were nodal points of trading and big marketplaces

Need to reduce rural-urban dichotomy

Reducing this dichotomy will result in a ‘rural-urban continuum’ which means the less and almost negligible difference between rural and urban areas. An example is Kerala which has had a high level of this continuum for many years.

It would lead to infrastructural development in rural areas.
- Physical infrastructure will get a boost by integrating rural areas with value supply chains and freight corridors. The Sagarmala project, National Waterways project and Golden Quadrilateral have the potential to bring regions into the mainstream.
- For financial infrastructure, digital banking needs to be pushed in rural areas, along with penetration of POS and ATMs at the grassroots level.

There are 3 crore houses required in rural areas and 1.2 crore houses required in urban areas. Schemes like PM Aawas Yojana and Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHC) have given a push in this regard.
India’s expenditure on healthcare is just 2.1% of GDP (2021-22 Union Budget). To improve this in both rural and urban areas, PM Jan Arogya Yojana, National Rural/Urban Health Mission, and Rashtriya Bal Swasth Karyakram is underway.
Literacy rate in urban areas is 87.7% while that of rural areas is 73.5%. To fill this gap, education is promoted through Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and PM Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI).
It will result in economic freedom of the rural population from the evil of informal credit and debt trap. For this RBI has unveiled the Payments Vision 2025 which would lead to better financial inclusion and participation. Centre has also announced a bank recapitalisation scheme by infusing Rs. 15000 Crore in weak PSUs.
It will result in a reduction of social evils like caste discrimination and dowry etc.
It will lead to a rise in political awareness among the population.

Challenges in achieving rural-urban continuum

Lack of infrastructure and investment in rural regions
Unwillingness of political leaders to bring about a social change
Failure in policy implementation at the rural level
Low number of dedicated schemes to achieve the continuum
Migration of rural population in cities makes the development of villages more challenging

Way forward

Achieving the rural-urban continuum must be one of the key points in policy-making, given the Amritkaal, the 17 SDGs and the global climate crisis. Striving for this continuum will result in multifaceted growth and fulfilment of multidimensional goals.

We must look forward to the German model – where villages are designated sub-sectors of production and services and trained for that, which results in internal as well as external consumption and acts as a capital expenditure multiplier.

Migration in India: Current Issue and Challenges

National Sample Survey (NSS) Multiple Indicator Survey 2020-21 highlights the migration trends of Indians

What is migration?

Migration in India: Current Issue and Challenges

The National Sample Survey defined migrants as those who had ever spent at least six straight months in a village/town/country different from their place of residence, i.e., where they were surveyed.

More on migration:

Migration is the geographic movement of people across a specified boundary various reasons especially social, economic, political reasons. Along with fertility and mortality, migration is a component of the population change.

The term “in migration” and “out migration” are used for migration within a country and are comparable to the terms “immigration” and “emigration” used in international migration.

Patterns of Migration:

Internal migrant flows can be classified on the basis of origin and destination.

Rural to Rural
Rural to Urban
Urban to Rural
Urban to Urban

Factors for migration:

Push Factors	Pull Factors
-Lack of employment -Caste Discrimination -Poor availability of basic amenities e.g., Sanitation, Housing -Lack of Healthcare and educational facilities -Natural Disasters e.g., Cyclones, Landslides	-Better job opportunities and wages -Healthcare facilities e.g., Multi-specialty hospitals -Urban lifestyle - Liberty and Free society -Quality education -Industrial ecosystem

Status of Migration in India as per NSS 2020-21 Survey:

One in three Urban Indians is a ‘migrant’ – but mostly intra-state.
Among migrants, 55% have moved between villages – mostly women moving after marriage.
Marriage is a larger driver of migration than jobs for women.
Jobs are the biggest reason of migration from men.
Himachal Pradesh and Telangana have the highest share of job-related migrants in their total urban male population.
Delhi has the highest share of persons (21.3%) who have come from outside its territory.

Issues faced by migrants:

Lack of social security and health benefits and poor implementation of minimum safety standards law
Lack of portability of state-provided benefits especially food provided through the public distribution system (PDS)
Poor implementation of protections under the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979 (ISMW Act)
Lack of access to affordable housing and basic amenities in urban areas

Steps taken by Government for the welfare of Migrants:

e-SHRAM portal, a National Database of the Unorganised Workers has been launched for registration of unorganised workers including migrant workers. The main objective of the e-SHRAM portal is to create a national database of unorganised workers seeded with Aadhaar. It is also to facilitate delivery of Social Security and welfare Schemes to such workers.
Jharkhand's first survey of migrants - aims to map the major sectors of engagement for migrants workers, find social security benefits and identify the health hazards.
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) launched in 2015 provide for life & disability cover due to natural or accidental death.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana caters to the housing needs to eligible beneficiaries.

Way Forward:

A favourable legislative and policy framework is the need of the hour to facilitate orderly, safe, and responsible migration and mobility of people (SDG 10.7).

Same Sex Marriage

Recently, the Centre, in an affidavit in the Supreme Court, has frowned upon samesex marriage while invoking the “accepted view” that a marriage between a biological man and woman is a “holy union, a sacrament and a sanskar” in India.

Problem faced by LGBTQRIV+ Community:

Family disruption
Lack of understanding and proper communication about sexual orientation and gender identity can lead to fighting and family disruption that can result in an LGBT adolescent being removed from or forced out of the home.
Many LGBT youth are placed in foster care, or end up in juvenile detention or on the streets, because of family conflict related to their LGBT identity.
These factors increase their risk for abuse and for serious health and mental health problems like, increase attempt to suicide, chances of drug addiction, indulging in criminal activities, etc.
Mental Health Issues
This is caused by lifelong dissonance, deep-rooted stigma, discrimination, and often abuse, that the community experiences. It often leads to extreme distress and poor self-worth, resulting in self-hate and suffering.
Sexual orientation and gender identity are rarely discussed in our social, educational or familial environments, and if ever done, these discussions are stigmatizing.
It is difficult to find friends and family who understand what the person feels.
Political parties and religious leaders kept away from the LGBT movement

Victim of Hate Crimes and Violence

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender people and those perceived to be LGBT are regularly targeted as victims of hate crimes and violence.

LGBT people experience stigma and discrimination across their life spans, and are targets of sexual and physical assault, harassment, and hate crimes.

Barriers to Health Care

A large majority of the psychiatrists in India still consider diverse sexual orientations and gender identities as a disorder and practice ‘correctional therapy’.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people are more likely to experience intolerance, discrimination, harassment, and the threat of violence due to their sexual orientation, than those that identify themselves as heterosexual.
In the labor market, a majority of LGBT people continue to hide their sexual orientation or to endure harassment out of fear of losing their job.
Particularly vulnerable are young LGBT people who experience estrangement from family and friendship networks, harassment at school, and invisibility, which can lead in some cases to underachievement at school, school drop-out, mental ill-health, and homelessness.
Discrimination not only denies LGBT people equal access to key social goods, such as employment, healthcare, education, and housing, but it also marginalizes them in society and makes them one of the vulnerable groups who are at risk of becoming socially excluded.

Challenges for LGBT Elders

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) face a number of particular concerns as they age.
They often do not access adequate health care, affordable housing, or other social services that they need due to institutionalized heterosexism.
Most LGBT elders do not avail themselves of services on which other seniors thrive.
Lack of family support system as enjoyed by other elderly people.

Landmark judgements and related issues

In 2000, Law Commission was the first to recommend decriminalizing Section 377.
Naz Foundation vs. Govt. of NCT of Delhi (2009): The Delhi High Court decriminalized homosexual acts involving consenting adults. The Court held that Section 377 offended the guarantee of equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution, because it creates an unreasonable classification and targets homosexuals as a class. Discrimination is the antithesis of equality and that it is the recognition of equality which will foster the dignity of every individual.
Suresh Kumar Koushal Case (2013): Supreme Court overturned the previous judgment by Delhi High Court (2009).

What is the type of Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

What is the funding source of Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

Who will implement Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

Who is eligible under Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

Where Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana will be implemented?

What is the purpose of AIDP?

Who is eligible for the benefits of the scheme?

What is Samajik Adhikarita Shivir

Under Which scheme the shivir is held?

Who organised the shivir