GS Paper 2

Analysis of Right To Information Act

Context: Right to Information activists are complaining about the dilution of the RTI act.

Right To Information (RTI)

Fundamental Right: RTI is a part of the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1) of the Indian Constitution.

In the case of Bennett Coleman vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court stated that “Right to information is our fundamental right falls within the purview of article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India”.

Statutory Right: The RTI has been made a statutory right through the Right to Information Act, 2005, allowing any citizen to request government information.

Key feature of RTI 

Objective: 

The primary objective of the RTI Act is 

  • To empower citizens.
  • To promote transparency and accountability in government functioning.
  • To combat corruption.
  • To enhance democracy by making government activities and related information accessible to the public.
  • To help citizens obtain information from the Government and State institutions that are not readily available in public domain.
  • To identify delays in public works, shortfalls and leaks in welfare schemes, and provide crucial insights into government’s decision making.
  • To allow any citizen to make requests for access to data, documents, and other information in the government’s possession.

Definition of Right to Information: As per Section 2(j) of the RTI Act, the "right to information" means the right to access information held by or under the control of any public authority.

Public Authority: A public authority, as defined in Section 2(h), includes government bodies established by or under the Constitution or any law, as well as organizations substantially financed by the government.

Private Bodies: Only private bodies substantially funded, controlled, or owned by the government come under the purview of the RTI Act. Other private organizations can be accessed through government departments if allowed by other laws.

Public Information Officer (PIO): Each public authority must appoint a PIO responsible for handling RTI requests and providing information to citizens.

Information Covered: Information includes records, documents, memos, emails, opinions, advice, press releases, circulars, orders, and more. However, personal opinions cannot be sought under the RTI Act.

Rights Under the RTI Act:

  • Request any information held by a public authority.
  • Obtain copies of government documents.
  • Inspect government works, documents, and records.
  • Take notes, extracts, or certified copies of government documents or records.
  • Take certified samples of government work.
  • Obtain information in electronic formats.
  • Seek information without the need to provide reasons for the request.

Applicability: While Section 3 of the RTI Act gives the right to all citizens to access information, Section 6 provides a broader framework for any person to seek information, making it even more inclusive.

Suo-moto furnishing of information: Section 4(2) provides for the obligation of the public authority to make efforts for providing information suomoto to the public at regular intervals using various modes of communication.

Information Request Process:

  • Submit a written RTI application to the PIO.
  • The PIO must respond within 30 days, providing the requested information.
  • An additional period of five days is allowed in computing the period for response in the following cases:
    • When the application is received through the Assistant Public Information Officer. 
    • When the application is received by way of transfer.
  • In cases concerning life or liberty, information must be provided within 48 hours.
  • No reasons need to be given for seeking information.

Grounds for Refusal: The PIO can refuse information only on specific grounds mentioned in Section 8, such as national security, privacy, or breach of privilege.

Personal Data: Under section 8(1)(j) it prohibits personal data disclosure of citizens by the government, unless there is an overriding public interest in doing so.

Exempted Organizations: Certain organizations related to defense and intelligence, as specified in Section 24, are exempted from the RTI Act.

Appeals: If information is not provided or if the applicant is unsatisfied, they can file an appeal with Appellate Authority within 30 days. Further appeals can be made to the Information Commission.

Filing RTI Online: Both the central and some state governments have online portals for filing RTI requests, simplifying the process.

Amendments by RTI (Amendment) Bill, 2019

ProvisionRTI Act, 2005RTI (Amendment) Bill, 2019
TermThe Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and Information Commissioners (ICs) (at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. The Bill removes this provision and states that the central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs.
Quantum of SalaryThe salary of the CIC and ICs (at the central level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively. Similarly, the salary of the CIC and ICs (at the state level) will be equivalent to the salary paid to the Election Commissioners and the Chief Secretary to the state government, respectively. The Bill removes these provisions and states that the salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government. 
Deductions in SalaryThe Act states that at the time of the appointment of the CIC and ICs (at the central and state level), if they are receiving pension or any other retirement benefits for previous government service, their salaries will be reduced by an amount equal to the pension. Previous government service includes service under: (i) the central government, (ii) state government, (iii) corporation established under a central or state law, and (iv) company owned or controlled by the central or state government.The Bill removes these provisions.

Key Issues with the implementation of the RTI Act

  • DPDP Bill: The bill proposes amendments to Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI act to expand its purview and exempt all personal information from disclosure and threatens transparency and accountability regime in the country as public officials would evade accountability by invoking blanket ban on disclosing personal information.
  • Rules for Implementation of the Act: The RTI Act’s implementation is dependent on subordinate Rules made by the Union Government and State Governments, for instance, the simple matter of what payment method a public authority can accept is left to the States to decide. which made effective implementation depend on the will of the government.
  • Delays in Appointments: Appointments to information commissions, such as the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs) like in Jharkhand, can result in significant delays in hearing appeals. This undermines citizens' trust in the RTI framework.
  • Dysfunctional Digital Space: While online RTI applications can simplify the process, not all states have functional online portals, and some government bodies may not be registered on these platforms. This creates disparities in access to information.
  • Growing Dissatisfaction: Repetitive first appeals are filed suggesting growing dissatisfaction with the information provided by public officials. This dissatisfaction may stem from perceived barriers, delays, and unresponsiveness in the RTI process.
  • Broader Accountability Concerns: Practices adopted by various government institutions such as
    • regulation made for payment e.g., States like Tamil Nadu do not accept Indian Postal Orders (IPOs) and 
    • Difficulty in digital filing of RTI e.g., RTIOnline portal, forces all users to enter their particulars afresh each time they file an application.
  • Exemptions and Limited Applicability: The RTI Act's limited applicability to certain entities like political parties, the judiciary, and intelligence agencies made critics argue that these exemptions limit the Act's scope and effectiveness.
  • Ambiguity in the Definition of 'Public Authority': The Act lacks a comprehensive and exclusive definition of 'public authorities,' words like substantially financed are leading to confusion.
    • Some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) funded by the public instead of the government create uncertainty about their inclusion under this category. 
    • The same ambiguity applies to entities like temples funded by trusts.
  • Absence of Contempt Provisions: The RTI Act lacks provisions for contempt making it challenging to enforce the orders issued by the information commission. The absence of such provisions weakens the ability to ensure compliance with the Act.
  • Lack of Penalties for Appellate Authorities: While the Act specifies timeframes for providing information, there are no penalties for appellate authorities or public officers who fail to meet these deadlines. 
  • Qualification of Central Public Information Officers (CPIOs): The Act does not provide clear qualifications for CPIOs, including those appointed with additional duties. Proper qualifications and training are crucial for effectively handling RTI applications and providing relevant information.
  • Misuse of Information: There is concern about the misuse of information obtained through RTI requests, where individuals with malicious intentions use the Act to harass others or engage in blackmail.
  • Whistleblower Protection: The RTI Act does not provide adequate protection for whistleblowers who use the Act to expose corruption and malpractices. Whistleblowers often face risks, including violence and threats, which can deter individuals from reporting wrongdoing.

Way Forward 

Recommendations Proposed by 2nd ARC to RTI Act 

  • Simplification of Procedure to File RTI Application: 
    • Availability of the officer: PIOs, because of the other responsibilities, might not be available at times increasing the waiting time of applicant leading thus process of filing requests for information needs to be made prompt and simplified.
    • Management of Record: The records should be maintained such that it is easily accessible to the authority and public, technology like blockchain can be used for this purpose.
    • Postal Application: A mechanism should be devised by which requests for information can be made possible through the post.
    • Payment Methods: 
      • The insistence by some departments to receive fees only through demand drafts and not in cash needs to be dispensed with. 
      • In addition to the existing modes of payment, appropriate governments should amend the Rules to include payment through postal orders.
      • States may be required to frame Rules regarding application fee which are in harmony with the Central Rules. It needs to be ensured that the fee itself does not become a disincentive.
  • Clarity in Definition of Public Authority:
    • The lowest office in any organization which has decision-making power or is a custodian of records should be recognized as a public authority.
    • Organisations which perform functions of a public nature that are ordinarily performed by government or its agencies, and those which enjoy natural monopoly may be brought within the purview of the Act.
  • Training of Officer: All government functionaries should be given at least one day's training on the Right to Information within a year. These training programmes must be organized in a decentralized manner in every block.
  • Oversight Mechanism: Through an appropriate provision made under section 30 the CIC and the SICs may be entrusted with the task of monitoring effective implementation of the Right to Information Act in all public authorities.
  • Appointment of CIC and SIC: Section 12 of the Act may be amended to constitute the Selection Committee of CIC with the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition and the Chief Justice of India similarly Section 15 may be amended.
  • Qualification: At least half of the members of the Information Commissions should be drawn from non-civil services background. Such a provision may be made in the Rules under the Act, by the Union Government, applicable to both CIC and SICs.
  • Regional Offices: The CIC should establish 4 regional offices of CIC with a Commissioner heading each. Similarly regional offices of SICs should be established in larger States
  • Constitution of Appellate Authority: All public authorities may be advised by the Government of India that along with the Public Information Officers they should also designate the appellate authority either under Rules or by invoking Section 30 of the Act and publish both, together.
  • National Coordination Committee (NCC): NCC may be set up under the chairpersonship of the Chief Information Commissioner to serve as a national platform for effective implementation of the Act, to review the Rules and Executive orders issued by the appropriate governments under the Act.

Court Cases Related to RTI

CBSE v. Aditya Bandopadhyay & Ors. (2011)

This case was about the right of examinee to information of his evaluated copies from the CBSE. In this case the Supreme court held that the provisions of the RTI Act will continue to prevail over the provisions of the byelaws/rules of the examining bodies regarding all exams.

Girish Ramchandra Deshpande v. Central Information Commission & Ors.

In this case court was asked whether the information like movable/immovable property, assets liabilities and information with reference to the career of a public servant can be denied.

Court held that the details disclosed by a person in his income tax returns are “personal information” which stand exempted from disclosure under clause (j) of Section 8(1) of the RTI Act, unless involves a larger public interest and the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer or the Appellate Authority is satisfied that the larger public interest justifies the disclosure of such information.

The Right to Information Act, 2005 is a significant statutory measure for realisation of the citizen’s right to access information which promotes transparency, accountability in function discharge by public authorities. Though, right to information is considered as advancement in India it suffers from several drawbacks like impractical rules and regulations, hindrance in filing RTI etc. Which can be addressed by backing Information commission’s order by contempt provision, making RTI filing procedure user friendly, improving rules and regulation formed by the governments through debate and deliberation in respective legislative bodies.  

‘One Nation One Election’ or Simultaneous Elections

Context: A committee has been formed under the headship of former President of India Ram Nath Kovind, to look into the feasibility of simultaneous elections to State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha.

About One Nation One Election

  • The idea of "One Nation One Election" entails aligning the electoral cycles of Indian Lok Sabha (LS) and State Assemblies, allowing voters to cast their ballots for both on a single day. 
  • This practice was prevalent until 1967, but it was discontinued following the dissolution of some assemblies in 1968 and 1969, followed by the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in 1970.

Arguments in Favour

  • Firstly, it reduces the frequent imposition of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), which often leads to policy paralysis and disrupts essential developmental work.
  • Secondly, it curtails substantial expenditures incurred by political parties, individual candidates, and other stakeholders.
  • Thirdly, it optimises the deployment of security forces, freeing them up for other vital internal security purposes.
  • Fourthly, it addresses the issue of frequent elections hindering legislative work, preventing governments from squandering resources on short-term, unproductive freebies.
  • Furthermore, it diminishes the divisive influence of caste, religion, and communal issues in society.
  • Lastly, it minimises the hidden and unquantifiable socio-economic costs, such as teachers missing from schools, revenue machinery diverted to election-related work, and the economic costs of lost teaching weeks and poorly executed welfare programs for the disadvantaged.

Arguments Against

  • Aligning the terms of various assemblies would necessitate constitutional changes, which are currently difficult to implement.
  • Additionally, the absence of fixed terms for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies complicates synchronisation efforts.
  • Further, this move infringes upon the spirit of federalism, limiting the state legislatures' authority to unseat a government through no-confidence motions.
  • It also complicates voters' decision-making as they must weigh national and local issues simultaneously.
  • Frequent elections and electoral outcomes serve as mechanisms for governments to make necessary course corrections, and this might be hindered by simultaneous elections.
  • Logistic challenges, including arranging Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), manpower, and security forces, present practical difficulties.
  • Moreover, regional parties may face a comparative disadvantage against national parties in such a setup.

The Way Forward

To address these concerns, various suggestions have been proposed.

  • One approach is to conduct elections in two phases, as recommended by a Parliamentary Standing Committee. Phase I would coincide with Lok Sabha elections, while Phase II would occur approximately midway through the Lok Sabha's term, resulting in elections every 2.5 years once synchronisation is achieved.
  • The Election Commission has recommended measures to avoid premature dissolution, such as moving confidence and no-confidence motions together and conducting fresh elections for the remainder of the term.
  • Additionally, the Law Commission has put forward recommendations:
    • It  includes defining "simultaneous elections” in the Representation of the People Act (RPA) of 1951 and amending provisions to ensure that LS and assembly constituencies formed after midterm elections serve only for the remaining term. 
    • The anti-defection law could be amended to prevent stalemates, and the statutory limit for general election notifications could be extended. It's proposed that no-confidence motions could be followed by the option to form an alternative government. 
    • Lastly, the Prime Minister or Chief Minister could be elected to lead the Lok Sabha or Assembly by the entire house, similar to electing the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, providing greater stability to the government.

Conclusion

Implementing simultaneous elections in India is a complex undertaking requiring extensive coordination and consultation among all stakeholders. A phased synchronisation of LS and Assembly tenures, as suggested by a Parliamentary Committee, may be a more feasible approach than an immediate, one-time overhaul of the electoral system.

Seven years on, mission to clean the Ganga remains a work in progress

Key Points:- The article discusses the progress of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), a flagship program launched in 2015 to rejuvenate the Ganga river.- It highlights that 7 years since its launch, the NMCG has been able to install sewage treatment plants (STPs) to treat only 20% of the estimated sewage generation in the 5 main Ganga basin states.

This is expected to increase to 33% by 2024.- As per NMCG's projections, STPs will be able to treat 60% of sewage by 2026.

This is based on estimated sewage generation of 11,765 million litres per day (MLD) in the Ganga basin states.- NMCG plans to set up STPs to treat 7,000 MLD sewage by 2026.

Remaining capacity will be set up by states.- Till July 2022, STPs to treat 2,665 MLD sewage have been commissioned. Maximum plants set up in Uttarakhand, UP and West Bengal. - The pace of project implementation and commissioning has picked up recently.

Nearly 60% of the installed capacity was added in 2022-23.- Challenges like land acquisition, issues with Detailed Project Reports and lack of state involvement had earlier slowed implementation.- Signs of improved water quality - increased dolphin population and presence in new stretches, increased fish species tolerant to clean water.

About NMCG

  • National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was registered as a society on 2011 under the Societies Registration Act 1860.
  • It acted as implementation arm of National Ganga River Basin Authority(NGRBA) which was constituted under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA),1986. 
  • NGRBA has since been dissolved with effect from the 2016, consequent to constitution of National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection and Management of River Ganga (referred as National Ganga Council) under EPA 1986.
  • The Act envisages five tier structure at national, state and district level to take measures for prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga and to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga as below;
    • National Ganga Council under chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister of India.
    • Empowered Task Force (ETF) on river Ganga under chairmanship of Hon’ble Union Minister of Jal Shakti (Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation).
    • National Mission for Clean Ganga(NMCG).
    • State Ganga Committees and
    • District Ganga Committees in every specified district abutting river Ganga and its tributaries in the states.
  • NMCG has a two tier management structure and comprises of Governing Council and Executive Committee. 
  • Both of them are headed by Director General, NMCG. Executive Committee has been authorized to accord approval for all projects up to Rs.1000 crore. 
  • Similar to structure at national level, State Programme Management Groups (SPMGs) acts as implementing arm of State Ganga Committees. 
  • Thus the newly created structure attempts to bring all stakeholders on one platform to take a holistic approach towards the task of Ganga cleaning and rejuvenation.
  • The Director General(DG) of NMCG is a Additional Secretary in Government of India. For effective implementation of the projects under the overall supervision of NMCG, the State Level Program Management Groups (SPMGs) are, also headed by senior officers of the concerned States.

Aim & Objective of NMCG

The core objectives of the National Mission for Clean Ganga include a range of targets, which include

  • The proposed approach involves the reconstruction and improvement of the current Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), with the implementation of prompt short-term measures aimed at mitigating pollution at the riverside departure points. 
  • The primary objective is to effectively minimize the inflow of sewage into the river system.
  • In order to maintain a continuous flow of water while minimizing disruption to natural seasonal variations.
  • The objective is to effectively rehabilitate and sustain the levels of groundwater and surface flow.
  • The primary objective is to rehabilitate and maintain the indigenous flora within the region.
  • The primary objective is to save and restore the aquatic and riparian biodiversity within the river Ganga basin.
  • In order to facilitate public engagement in the protection, rehabilitation, and management of the river.

Initiatives Related to Ganga

NAMAMI GANGE PROGRAMME

The Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated Conservation Mission initiated by the Union Government in June 2014. It is regarded as a "Flagship Program" aimed at accomplishing two primary objectives: the efficient reduction of pollution and the preservation and rehabilitation of the National River Ganga.

The entity responsible for its operation is the Department of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The implementation of the project (SPMGs) is under the responsibility of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and its state equivalent organizations, known as State Initiative Management Groups.The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) serves as the operational entity of the National Ganga Council, assuming the responsibilities formerly held by the National Ganga River Basin Authority since 2016.

The organization has a capital of Rs 20,000 crore, which is centrally backed and non-lapsable. Additionally, it oversees a total of 288 projects.

The main components of the program are: Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure & Industrial Effluent Monitoring,Bio-Diversity & Tree plantations

Social Awareness River-Front Development & River-Surface Cleaning.

GANGA KNOWLEDGE CENTRE

The establishment of the Ganga Knowledge Centre (GKC) by the National Mission for Clean Ganga aims to enhance the execution of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) plan. The primary goals of the Ganga Knowledge Centre (GKC) encompass the establishment and administration of knowledge repositories, encompassing the analysis and modeling of various datasets pertinent to the Ganga River Basin. Additionally, the GKC aims to cultivate research innovation by identifying areas of knowledge deficiency, the necessity for novel concepts, and providing support for focused research endeavors. Furthermore, the GKC endeavors to promote discourse with stakeholders by engaging the general public and forging alliances with domestic and international universities, institutions, public and private entities, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

THE CENTRE FOR GANGA RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND STUDIES (CGANGA)

Established in 2016, the Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga) is a data collection centre to ensure sustainable development of Ganga River Basin. cGanga acts as a think tank for the National Mission for Clean Ganga, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR, RD & GR) and the Government of India.

National Ganga Council

The chairperson of the National Ganga Council is the Prime Minister.The establishment of the National Ganga Council is mandated under the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) of 1986.The entity has been entrusted with the overarching duty of overseeing the prevention and restoration of pollution in the River Ganga Basin, including the Ganga River and its several tributaries.The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) serves as the operational entity responsible for executing the objectives of the National Ganga Council.The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was created in 2011 as a recognized organisation.The organizational framework consists of a dual-level management system, which includes a Governing Council and an Executive Committee.The primary goals and objectives of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) include the following: to guarantee the efficient regulation of pollution and restoration of the Ganga river via the implementation of a river basin strategy, with the purpose of fostering inter-sectoral collaboration to facilitate comprehensive planning and management.The objective is to sustainably develop the river Ganga by implementing measures that preserve the minimal ecological flows, therefore safeguarding water quality and promoting environmentally responsible practices.

  • Currently, the National Mission for Clean Ganga encompasses more than just the task of cleaning the river. 
  • It also strives to enhance the river's ecosystem and preserve its biodiversity via measures such as maintaining ecological flow, safeguarding wetlands, and conserving springs. 
  • Additionally, there is an emphasis on revitalizing lesser rivers. Furthermore, the National Mission for Clean Ganga is doing research on other rivers, namely Yamuna and Ramganga, with the objective of formulating an environmental flow analysis (e-flow) for the Yamuna River and its principal tributaries.
  •  The mission will further prioritize the enhancement of grassroots institutions and the implementation of community-driven programs.

Press and Registration of Periodicals Act 2023

Context: Press and Registration of Books Act amendments to come into force on Sept. 1

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About Press and Registration of Periodicals Act 2023

  • It seeks to simplify the registration process for periodicals and make it mandatory for digital news platforms to do a “one-time registration” in order to operate.
  • It replaces the existing Press and Registration of Books (PRB) Act, of 1867, which governs the registration of the print and publishing industry in the country.
  • The aim is to bring transparency and ease of doing business. It will provide for a simple process that will help small and medium publishers.

Provision of Press and Registration of Periodicals Act 2023

  • Registration of periodicals: The Act allows for registering newspapers, periodicals, and books, and cataloguing books. The act focuses on registering periodicals containing public news or comments on it, excluding books and academic journals.
  • Declaration of periodicals: In the 1867 Act, only the district magistrate (DM) could cancel the declaration of a periodical, while the Press Registrar General (PRG) did not have suo motu powers to cancel or suspend the Certificate of Registration granted by it. However, the PRP Act empowers the PRG to suspend/cancel registration.
  • Foreign periodicals:  An exact reproduction of a foreign periodical may be printed in India only with the prior approval of the central government.  The manner of registration of such periodicals will be prescribed. 
  • Appellate Authority: It also provides for an appellate authority. The Appellate Board (Press and Registration Appellate Board) will comprise the chairperson, Press Council of India (PCI), and two members of PCI to hear an appeal against the refusal of grant of registration, imposition of any penalty or suspension/cancellation of registration by PRG.
  • Suspension and cancellation of registration:  The act allows the Press Registrar General to suspend a periodical’s registration for a minimum period of 30 days which can extend to 180 days.
  • Reason for suspension and cancellation of registration: The registration may be suspended due to: (i) registration obtained by furnishing false information, (ii) failure to publish periodicals continuously, and (iii) giving false particulars in annual statements.  The Press Registrar General may cancel the registration if the publisher does not correct such defects.
  • Registration may also be cancelled if: (i) a periodical has the same or similar title as any other periodical, (ii) the owner/ publisher has been convicted of a terrorist act or unlawful activity, or for acting against the security of the state.    
  • Offence: A person who has been convicted by any court for an offence involving a terrorist act or unlawful activity, or having done anything against the security of the state shall not be permitted to bring out a periodical.
  • Penalties: It waters down the penal provisions of the PRB Act, which made improper declaration of information a punishable offence with a prison term of up to six months. Under the new Act, imprisonment for up to six months is only applicable if a periodical is published without registration, and the publisher continues printing it after a six-month notice from PRG to stop.
  • Appeal: Any person may appeal against the refusal to issue a registration certificate, suspension/ cancellation of registration or imposition of penalty.  Such appeals may be filed before the Press and Registration Appellate Board within 60 days.  
  • Exclusion: Books, which were part of the PRB Act, of 1867, have been taken out of the purview of this act as books as a subject are administered by the Ministry of Education.

Press Registrar General

The Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India, more popularly known as RNI came into being in 1956, on the recommendation of the First Press Commission in 1953 and by amending the Press and Registration of Books Act 1867.

Functions: The office performs both statutory as well as non-statutory functions.

Statutory functions Compilation and maintenance of a Register of Newspapers containing particulars about all the newspapers published.Issue of Certificate of Registration to the newspapers published under valid declaration;Informing the District Magistrates about availability of titles, to intending publishers for filing declaration;

Non-statutory functions:

Formulation of Newsprint Allocation Policy - Guidelines and issue of Eligibility Certificate to the newspapers to enable them to import newsprint and to procure indigenous newsprint.Assessing and certifying the essential need and requirement of newspaper establishments to import printing and composing machinery and allied materials.

Green court directs BRO to plant 10,000 trees in Uttarakhand in a month

Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) to plant at least 10,000 trees within a month in Uttarakhand as part of compensatory tree plantation to make up for hundreds of trees felled during construction of a road from Simli to Gwaldam.

National Green Tribunal:

  • NGT is a statutory and specialised judicial body that deals with the expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection, and the conservation of forests and other natural resources. It was set up under the National Green Tribunal Act in 2010.
  • The Tribunal is not bound by procedure under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 or the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and is guided by principles of Natural Justice.
    • It draws inspiration from Part III of the Constitution of India, Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment. 

NGT Deals in the following Acts:

  • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
  • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977
  • The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
  • The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
  • The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
  • The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
  • The Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Power of NGT:

  • The Tribunal is vested with the powers of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure for discharging its functions. NGT is mandated to make disposal of applications within 6 months of the filing of the same.
  • It can enforce any legal right relating to the environment and order relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.
  • In a decision of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai v Ankita Sinha & Others, the Supreme Court of India held that NGT has the power to take suo motu cognizance of environmental issues. 
  • An appeal against the order/decision/ award of the NGT lies to the Supreme Court, generally within ninety days from the date of communication.
  • In case of non-compliance with any direction issued by the NGT or any of its judgements, a penalty can be imposed in which the person may be given imprisonment for about three years or a fine which may extend to Rs. 10 crores or even both.

Composition of NGT:

  • The NGT comprises the Chairman, the Judicial Members, and Expert Members. These members are required to hold the office for five years, and they are not eligible for reappointment.
  • The Chairperson of NGT is appointed by the Central Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI).

Challenges of NGT:

  • Two important Acts – Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 have been kept out of NGT’s jurisdiction.
  • Decisions of NGT have also been criticized and challenged due to their repercussions on economic growth and development. The absence of a formula-based mechanism in determining the compensation has brought criticism to the tribunal.
  • Orders of NGT can be challenged in the court of law, limiting the tribunal's role. 

In India, 74% can’t afford a healthy diet: UN agency report

Context: The report, ‘State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World’ (SOFI) 2023, was published recently shows that while the cost of a healthy diet has increased in recent years in India, it is still the lowest among the BRICS nations (including the newly added six countries) and India’s neighbours. However, the share of people who can afford such a healthy diet is still low: India features at the bottom of that list since income levels are stagnant or going down.

About ‘State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) Report

  • This is the most intensely scrutinized FAO’s annual report presents the headline number of undernourished people around the world while advocating for strategies against hunger and malnutrition. 
  • SOFI is jointly produced with fellow UN agencies IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO.
  • In the SOFI report, the cost of a healthy diet is arrived at by looking at the cheapest local food items that meet dietary guidelines. 
  • The cost and availability of such food items are averaged from national data. 
  • To check if the diet is affordable, its cost is compared to the average income in each country. 
  • A diet is considered too expensive if it costs more than 52% of a country’s average income.
  • This percentage is based on data showing that people in low-income countries spend about 52% of their income on food. 
  • The percentage of people who cannot afford this diet is then calculated by using income distributions within a nation. 

Major Findings of the Report

  • The report points out that the cost of meals in Mumbai rose by 65% in five years, while salaries/wages rose by just 28%-37%. 
  • In India, a healthy diet costs 3.066 PPP dollars per person per day, the lowest among the countries considered. PPP stands for ‘Purchasing Power Parity’. 
  • In India, 74% were not able to afford a healthy diet, the fourth highest share among the nations considered. 
  •  The expense of maintaining a healthy diet increased by almost 9% in Asia between 2019 to 21 — the highest across regions. 
  • Between 2019 and 2021, Asia followed by Africa recorded the highest growth in the number of people who could not afford a healthy diet. The two continents together made up 92% of the worldwide increase. In Asia, South Asia had the highest number of people (1.4 billion) and the highest share (72%) who could not afford a healthy diet. This rate was nearly double the average for the region. In Africa, Eastern and Western Africa together had the most people (712 million) and the highest share (85%) who could not afford a healthy diet.

Growth Hub Program of Niti Aayog

Context: NITI Aayog has conceived an initiative focused on developing city regions are growth hubs.

About Growth Hub Program of NITI Aayog

  • To leverage urbanisation for economic growth, NITI Aayog has conceived developing city-regions as growth hubs.
  • The program endeavors to forge a robust economic growth strategy for city-regions across India and prepare a roadmap for achieving the same.
  • Under the initiative, NITI Aayog will work in close collaboration with the State governments.
  • During the initial stage, four city regions will be taken up on a pilot basis to develop a template for devising an economic strategy. Later, 16 more cities will be taken up.
  • The economic strategy template will act as the model strategy for other city-regions across the country for achieving desired economic targets.
  • Economy growth strategy for cities: Under the program, a roadmap for developing economic growth strategy will be developed for each city region.
  • For developing this following activities will be taken up:
    • Comprehensive baseline assessment of city region's economy
    • SWOT analysis for understanding the strengths and challenges of the region
    • Identification of growth drivers, setting economic goals
    • Designing policy enablers
    • Proposing governance structure for projectization of proposed strategies
  • Initial focus cities: Mumbai, Surat, Vishakhapatnam have been identified.

Significance of developing economic potential of urban areas

  • Urban areas hold immense potential to drive economic advancement to achieve the target of making India a developed country with a GDP $35-$45 trillion economy target by 2047.
  • GDP of several major city, regions worldwide appears to match the GDP of entire countries. This intriguing trend reflects urban centers' growing economic prominence and vitality, highlighting their pivotal role in shaping the country's economic development.
  • Indian cities also hold the potential to propel unparalleled economic growth which needs to be realised. While the government is exploring multiple pathways at all levels to achieve this target, strategizing \for transforming city regions into mega economic growth hubs is crucial.

Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform (RETAP)

Context: US Department of Energy (DOE) and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) have together launched US-India Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform (RETAP) under the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership. 

About Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform

  • RETAP was announced by Prime Minister of India and President of USA during PM Modi's visit of USA in 2023 for expanding collaboration on new and emerging technologies to accelerate the clean energy transition. 
  • RETAP is intended to advance new and emerging renewable technologies for deployment and scaling up in result oriented, time bound technology focus orientation. 
  • The initial focus will be on green/clean hydrogen, wind energy, long duration energy storage, exploration of geothermal energy, ocean/tidal energy and other emerging technologies as mutually determined in the future.

Work under the RETAP is guided by five themes

  • Research & Development
  • Piloting & Testing of Innovative Technologies
  • Advanced Training & Skill Development
  • Policy & Planning for Advancing Renewable Energy Transition and enabling technologies
  • Investment, Incubation and Outreach programs

Awareness Campaign Launched for Sickle-cell disease (SCD)

Context: The Tribal Minister of India launched a training session for an awareness campaign that’s part of the government’s mission to make India free of Sickle-cell disease (SCD) by 2047.

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  • It is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that are caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. This mutation leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S (HbS), which causes red blood cells to take on a sickle-like (C-shaped) shape instead of their normal round shape.
  • It is caused by a change in hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to all parts of the body. This type of hemoglobin is called hemoglobin S.
  • When red blood cells with hemoglobin S go through the smallest blood vessels, called capillaries, some of the cells form into rigid strands and become sticky. These rigid, sticky strands often get stuck, clogging the capillaries. As a result, different parts of the body do not get the oxygen they need. 

Types of SCD

  • There are several types of SCD. The specific type of SCD a person has depends on the genes they inherited from their parents. People with SCD inherit genes that contain instructions, or code, for abnormal hemoglobin.
  • If the sickle cell is inherited from one parent, it is called sickle cell trait or sickle cell carrier. If inherited from both parents, it is called sickle cell disease or sickle cell anaemia (homozygous sickle cell).
  • Sickle cell disease exists in two forms within the human body.
  • One is the Sickle Cell trait, in which the individual does not exhibit any disease or symptoms and lives a normal life. 
  • The second form is characterized by the presence of symptoms related to sickle cell disease.
  • If two individuals with Sickle Cell trait marry each other, there is a high probability that their child will have Sickle Cell disease.
  • By screening individuals for Sickle Cell trait before marriage, the spread of the disease can be prevented.

Signs and Symptoms 

Early symptoms of SCD may include:

  • Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.
  • Fatigue or fussiness from anemia.
  • Painful swelling of the hands and feet.

Treatment

  • It is a lifelong illness. It is a genetic disorder, making complete elimination a challenge that requires a major scientific breakthrough.The only cure comes in the form of gene therapy and stem cell transplants — both costly and still in developmental stages.

Case fatality rate

  • Moreover, sickle cells die early, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen. These obstructions and shortages may cause chronic anaemia, pain, fatigue, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and a host of other serious health complications.

SCD in India

  • India is the second-worst affected country in terms of predicted births with SCA — i.e., chances of being born with the condition.
  • In India, around 18 million people have sickle cell traits and 1.4 million patients have sickle cell disease.
  • It is widespread among the tribal population in India where about 1 in 86 births among STs have SCD.
  • A few states in India have a significantly higher SCD prevalence. These include Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Odisha, Kerala and Rajasthan. Collectively, these states are referred to as the sickle cell belt.

Government Initiatives

  • Ministry of Health under the National Health Mission initiated the work on hemoglobinopathies (Thalassemia & Sickle Cell Disease) in 2016 wherein comprehensive guidelines on prevention and management of heamoglobinopathies were released and provision of funds towards screening and management of Sickle cell disease were made.
  • The Ministry of Health, in collaboration with the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and the states, has formulated a plan to screen approximately 70 million individuals aged 0-40 years belonging to tribal and other groups residing in nearly 200 districts of 17 states within the next few years.
  • Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission 2047: To eradicate the challenge of sickle cell. The government has allocated a sufficient budget, utilised advanced technology, provided training to healthcare workers, ensured necessary infrastructure, and made efforts in social awareness and participation to combat this disease.
  • Role of Ayushman Bharat in controlling SCDs: Through the Ayushman Bharat scheme, the country has established a network of 1.6 lakh Health and Wellness Centres since 2018 these centres will also play a significant role in eradicating sickle cell disease along with other diseases. 

Election Commission of India and Challenges

Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has become a center of disagreement between the government and the judiciary. The recent conflict revolves around the process of appointing its officials. The Supreme Court ruled that the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (EC) should be appointed by the President based on a committee's advice, including the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha or the largest Opposition party leader, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI). This was a unanimous judgment by a five-judge Bench and aimed to strengthen the ECI's constitutional standing.

However, the government introduced a bill to change this procedure, seeking to remove the Chief Justice of India from the selection committee. The proposed committee would then consist of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (Member), and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister (Member).

This move reflects the government's desire for more influence in appointing top election officials, potentially undermining the institution's independence.

Various committees and leaders have previously suggested a more representative selection process for ECI members. The idea was to reduce the ruling party's sway and ensure fairer elections. The current bill, introduced by the ruling party (BJP), contradicts its previous stance as an opposition party and aims to increase government control over the ECI.

Despite being respected for its reliability and responsible conduct, the ECI's autonomy and trust have been questioned due to perceived leniency towards the ruling party. The bill highlights the government's pursuit of a tighter grip on the ECI's functioning.

Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body (under Article-324) vested with the responsibilities of superintendence, direction and control of conduct of elections. It  consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners. 

Article 324 states that the Election Commission shall consist of Chief Election Commissioner and such numbers of other Election Commissioners, if any, as the President may from time to time fix and appointment of CEC and other ECs shall, subject to provisions of any law made in that behalf by the Parliament, be made by the President. 

Still, appointments in ECI is associated with various issues:

  • Lack of security of tenure for Election Commissioners (ECs).
    • Article 324(5) of the Constitution protects only CEC from removal, except if the manner and grounds of removal are the same as a judge of the Supreme Court. However, ECs can be removed by the government on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. 
  • The appointment of CEC and other ECs according to the Article 324, shall be done as per the law made by the Parliament in this regard. However, no such law has yet been made which leaves a “gap” and leaves the appointment of such a crucial post solely to the executives.
  • The constitution has not prescribed the qualifications (legal, educational, administrative, or judicial) of the members of election commission. 
  • The constitution has not debarred the retiring Election commissioner from any further appointment by the government. 
  • There is no clarity regarding the power division between the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners.

Reforming the Election Commission of India: A Concise Action Plan

  • Legislation for Appointment: Create a clear law outlining how the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners are appointed, ensuring transparency and fair selection.
  • Qualifications Defined: Specify necessary qualifications and experience for Commissioners, focusing on legal expertise, administrative competence, and integrity.
  • Secure Tenure: Guarantee secure tenure for all Election Commissioners to prevent arbitrary removals and political influence.
  • Clear Powers Division: Clearly define roles and responsibilities of Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners to prevent conflicts.
  • Transparent Selection: Form a diverse selection committee including judiciary and civil society to assess candidates fairly.
  • Post-Retirement Rules: Introduce rules preventing retiring Commissioners from taking immediate government positions to prevent conflicts of interest.
  • Enhance Independence: Consider amending the Constitution to grant the Election Commission greater autonomy from government influence.
  • Capacity Building: Invest in regular training for Commissioners and staff to improve their understanding of electoral processes and technologies.
  • Public Awareness: Launch awareness campaigns to educate citizens about their voting rights and the significance of elections.
  • Ongoing Review: Periodically review and adapt the Commission's functioning to address emerging challenges and maintain electoral integrity.

Implementing these focused reforms will bolster the Election Commission's credibility, efficiency, and impartiality, strengthening India's democratic foundation.

The state of scholarships for minorities

Context: In the past few years, the Centre has discontinued two key educational schemes for religious minorities, narrowed the scope of another and gradually cut down on the expenditure incurred on multiple programmes of the Ministry of Minority Affairs.

Importance of Scholarships for Religious Minorities

  • India is home to over 30 crore (20%) people from religious minority communities. These include six religions notified under Section 2(c) of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. Among them, Muslims make up the largest religious minority but face challenges in various sectors. 
  • Their participation in salaried jobs is low and many are engaged in the informal sector, characterised by low wages, weak social security and poor working conditions. The Justice Rajinder Sachar Committee was constituted by the UPA government to look into the social, economic and educational standing of Muslims in India. In a comprehensive 400-page report tabled in Parliament in 2006, the Sachar Committee concluded that the Muslim minority was neglected in almost all dimensions of development. “By and large, Muslims rank somewhat above SC/ST but below Hindu OBCs [Other Backward Classes], Other Minorities and Hindu General [mostly upper castes] in almost all indicators considered,” the report stated. 
  • Around the same time, the Manmohan Singh-led UPA government accepted the long-pending demand for a Ministry of Minority Affairs in 2006. The new Ministry was to “ensure a more focused approach” on issues affecting the notified minorities, especially “educational empowerment, economic empowerment, infrastructure development and special needs.”
  • Directive Principles of State Policy require the state to ensure the welfare of the citizens, for example, Article 38 requires the state to minimise the inequalities in terms of income, status, facilities and opportunities.
  • To achieve the objectives of the slogan sabka sath sabka vikas it is necessary to equal opportunity for quality education to sections of the society.
  • Access to quality education for sections of society is crucial to realise the objectives of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
  • We are aspiring to become a developed nation by 2047, inclusive development is the only way to achieve this aspiration.

Some of the Scholarships for Minority 

The Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme-  One of the first central sector programmes implemented by the Ministry of Minority Affairs. The scholarship was initially awarded to minority students from class 1 to 10 and ranged between ₹1,000 and ₹10,700 for each selected candidate. The scheme has now been discontinued for classes 1 to 8, only covering classes 9 and 10 in its revised form. 

The Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme- for students of class 11 and above (till Ph.D). It aimed to give minority students access to quality higher education, with a scholarship ranging between ₹2,300 and ₹15,000. The funds for this scheme increased from ₹515 crore to ₹1,065 crore this fiscal year. 

The Merit-cum-Means based Scholarship Scheme- targeted professional and technical courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Eligible candidates in any of the 85 institutes listed under the scheme are reimbursed full course fees, while those in other institutions are reimbursed course fees worth ₹20,000 per annum. The scholarship scheme saw a major reduction in funds in 2023-24. It was allotted ₹44 crore this year, while last year’s allotment was ₹365 crore. 

Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF)-The scheme provided financial assistance for five years to research scholars pursuing an M.Phil and PhD from institutions recognised by the University Grants Commission (UGC). Under the scheme, junior research fellows received a grant of ₹31,000 for the first two years while senior research fellows got ₹35,000 per month for the remaining tenure. The MANF benefited over 6,700 candidates between 2014-15 and 2021-22, with ₹738.85 crore paid before it was cancelled in 2022. 

The Padho Pardesh scheme was launched to provide better opportunities for higher education abroad, providing an interest subsidy on education loans for overseas studies to students belonging to economically weaker sections of minority communities. However, this scheme was discontinued from 2022-23. The scheme benefited 20,365 beneficiaries since its inception in 2006. 

The Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship was for meritorious girls to pursue higher secondary education and was provided by the Maulana Azad Education Foundation (MAEF). The scholarship has had zero allocation this year. 

The Naya Savera was a separate programme launched to provide free coaching to minority students for entrance to technical and professional courses and competitive examinations. In the Union Budget 2023-24, the scheme was allotted ₹30 crore but the Centre has since discontinued the scheme stating that the New Education Policy 2020 does not support coaching programmes. Official records show that 1.19 lakh students benefited under the scheme. 

The Scheme for Providing Education to Madrasas and Minorities (SPEMM), a centrally sponsored umbrella programme, has a sub-scheme, the Scheme for Providing Quality Education in Madrasas (SPQEM), under which recognised madrasas receive financial assistance to introduce ‘modern’ subjects such as science, mathematics, social studies, Hindi and English in their curriculum. The scheme was allocated ₹10 crore for the financial year 2023-24 — more than 90% less than the allocation in 2022-23, which was ₹160 crore.

Consequences of discontinuation of scholarship programmes

Social consequences- The minority community is already backward as affirmed by the Sacher committee if the youth of this community are deprived of quality higher education then there is a higher chance that they may be trapped in social evils like communalism, and crimes.

Political repercussions-uneducated generations are breeding grounds for polarisation of the society by political parties as is evident from our own history. In the long run, depriving a  community of quality education can hamper the unity and integrity of the nation itself.

Economic fallouts- we can't achieve the goals of inclusive and sustainable development by depriving a section of quality education, because education is crucial to fostering productivity and equitable resource distribution.

Way forward

  • The government should adhere to constitutional morality of ensuring the welfare of all of its citizens without discriminating on the grounds of religion, race or region.
  • The government can promote the NGOs in this sector so that it can achieve its target of availing quality education with reduced economic burden.
  • Ensure adequate employment opportunities at the local level so that people can afford quality education on their own.
  • Community leaders can come forward to ensure quality education for the community by resource pooling.

Population growth and Economy

Context: Moody's Investors Service released a report stating that although India's population growth could expand its labor force, this alone wouldn't suffice to strengthen the economy or enhance fiscal outcomes due to the country's education quality. The report emphasized the importance of improved education to prevent job losses from technological advancements in sectors like call centers. 

Moody's compared India's education with Pakistan and Bangladesh, noting the need for quality education and infrastructure for economic benefits. The report highlighted India, along with other nations, contributing significantly to global population growth and workforce increase. It also pointed out educational disparities between these countries and their peers. Lastly, the report highlighted gender-based education gaps in India and Bangladesh.

The relationship between population growth and economic growth is complex and multifaceted. Economists and researchers have debated this topic for years, and the consensus has evolved over time. The relationship can vary depending on the specific context, the stage of development of a country or region, and various socio-economic factors. 

From the Point of View of UPSC mains syllabus, this is a very important topic. 

GS PAPER II 

  • Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

So in this article, we are going to cover the following:

  • Relation between population growth and economic growth (For general understanding)
  • Factors responsible for India’s population growth
  • Challenges caused by growing population
  • Way ahead to harness the benefits of population growth 

Relation between population growth and economic growth:

  • Population Growth as a Driver of Economic Growth (Early Stages)
    • A larger population means a larger labor force, which can lead to increased production, consumption, and innovation. This phenomenon is often referred to as the demographic dividend. When the ratio of working-age individuals to dependents (children and elderly) is high, it can create a favorable environment for economic expansion.
  • Labor Force and Human Capital:
    • A growing population can provide a larger labor force, which, if properly educated and skilled, can contribute to higher productivity and economic growth. However, for population growth to positively impact economic growth, there must be adequate investments in education, healthcare, and skill development to ensure that the workforce is productive and capable of contributing to economic activities.
  • Consumption and Demand:
    • A larger population can lead to increased consumption and demand for goods and services, which can stimulate economic growth. Businesses may expand to meet this increased demand, leading to higher levels of investment and production.
  • Urbanization and Productivity:
    • Population growth often leads to urbanization, as people move from rural areas to cities in search of better opportunities. Urbanization can lead to increased productivity due to factors like economies of scale, improved infrastructure, and better access to markets and resources.
  • Resource Constraints and Negative Impacts:
    • Rapid population growth without corresponding economic development and resource management can lead to resource constraints, environmental degradation, and increased competition for limited resources. This can have negative effects on economic growth in the long run.
  • Demographic Transition:
    • As economies develop and standards of living improve, birth rates tend to decline. This results in a shift from high population growth rates to lower ones. During this demographic transition, countries can experience a period of accelerated economic growth due to a relatively smaller dependent population.
  • Aging Population:
    • In more advanced economies, declining birth rates and increased life expectancy can lead to an aging population. While this may result in a decline in the working-age population, it can also create opportunities for innovation and growth in industries related to healthcare, elderly care, and technology.
  • Quality of Institutions and Policies:
    • The relationship between population growth and economic growth is influenced by the quality of institutions and policies in place. Good governance, effective healthcare systems, education policies, and infrastructure development play a crucial role in determining how population growth impacts economic growth.

In summary, the relationship between population growth and economic growth is not deterministic, and its effects can vary widely based on numerous factors. While a growing population can potentially provide a demographic dividend and contribute to economic growth, this positive outcome depends on factors such as investments in human capital, infrastructure, and sound governance.

Additionally, as countries progress in their development, the relationship often becomes more nuanced, with demographic transitions and changing population structures influencing economic dynamics.

Factors responsible for India’s population growth

  • Falling mortality: The IMR has decreased from 40.7 in 2015-16 to 35.3 in 2019-21.
  • Increasing Life expectancy at birth: It reached to 69.7 years in the 2015-19 period from 31 in 1947.
  • Unintended pregnancies: 1 in every 7 unintended pregnancies of world occur in India.
  • Lack of female education, child marriage and early marriages, etc.

Challenges caused by growing population

  • Pressure on resources: As India has only 2.45% of the global surface area and 4% of the water resources. 
  • Pandemic outbreaks: Due to increasing urbanization and expansion of humans in wild habitats. 
  • Disruption and Conflicts: Due to rise in struggle for finite resource. 
  • Decline in social indicators: Due to suboptimal public expenditures on health and education may not be possible. 
  • Pressure on economy: Due to low skilled workforce, stagnant economy, unemployment, etc.
  • Widening gender gap: If expenditure on health and education decline, women would suffer the most.

Way ahead to harness the benefits of population growth 

  • Supporting Reproductive Justice: Provisions of safe and effective methods of family planning and freedom to make the best reproductive choice. 
  • Education for all: Educational attainment, particularly of girls, enhances intergenerational formation of human capital and has a positive impact on demographic behaviour with respect to nuptiality, fertility, health, etc. 
  • Foster Inclusive Growth developing democratic institutions to facilitate equity in the society. 
  • Facilitate migration to bridge the demand and supply of the workforce. 
  • Investment in green technology and social innovations to adapt to and mitigate climate and environmental changes. 
  • Better geriatric care, health insurance and pension facilities for 65+ age category.