Society & Social justice

All (4049)Current Affairs (4038)Mains Practice (126)Mains PYQs by Subjects (40)

Need for Substantive Equality in Child Marriage Laws

Context: The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006 allows different timeframes for men and women to seek annulment of a child marriage, which reinforces the patriarchal notions.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: MCQ based on Prohibition of Child Marriage Act.

Mains: Detailed questions on lacunae in Prohibition of Child Marriage Act.

Issue of Child Marriage

  • Child marriage remains a significant social issue in India despite of legal prohibition. (102 million girls got married before age of 18 years: Census 2011)
  • There are various reasons of Child Marriage;
    • Patriarchy: The notion of patriarchy considers a girl child as a liability, leading to early marriage.
    • Social taboos: Many Indian societies consider the premarital sex as a taboo, leading to marriage children before achievement of adolescence.
    • Poverty and financial pressure: Poor families and ruralisation of poverty, especially in the agricultural societies, leads to dowry concerns often pushing parents to marry daughters at a younger age.
    • Safety concerns: Fear of sexual violence and lack of security infrastructure for women leads to the early marriage of girls.
    • Weak legal enforcement: Poor implementation of law and conflict with personal laws make it challenging to curb the issue of child marriage.
child marriage prohibition act

About Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006

  • The Government has passed the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, making child marriage illegal and criminalises it. 
  • The Act allows any party who got married as a child to seek annulment of the marriage, as long as the petition is filed within two years of attaining majority.
    • The ‘Child’ in PCMA means a girl below 18 years and a boy below 21 years of age.  
    • Women can annul marriage before attainment of 20 years of age, whereas, men can annul marriage before attainment of 23 years of age.
prohibition of child marriage act 2006

Issues in Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) 2006

  • Limited scope: The Act only criminalises the child marriage but lacks the comprehensive approach to address roots causes like social customs, economic pressure and gender biases.
  • Legal contradictions: Various personal laws challenge and contradict the PCMA Act 2006. Eg; Muslim Personal laws allows marriage with attainment of puberty 
  • Biased law: The Act itself is biased against women as it allows annulment of marriage by boys at the age of 23 years while marriage annulment age for girls is less, bringing girls to a stage of disadvantage. 
  • Inconsistencies of law: Law is inconsistent as it allows a different age of marriage for boys (21) and girls (18) reinforcing gender inequality.

Way Forward

Suggestions for attaining Substantive Equality in Marriage Laws:

  • Uniform marriage age: The minimum age of women can be made at par with the males i.e., 21 years to address the deep rooted patriarchal conception in legal measures.
  • Increasing annulment age: If minimum marriage age of males and females can not be equated then, age of annulment can be made equal to enhance rights.

Other measures to reduce Child Marriage:

  • Strengthening law: Enforcing PCMA 2006 for stricter penalties and powers to override religious personal laws to avoid legal loopholes Eg; Karnataka (2017), the government amended laws to declare all child marriages void
  • Education reforms: Higher studies for the girls should be motivated to reduce child marriage. Eg; KIRAN initiative to increase women in STEM higher education 
  • Enhancing security: Enhancing women safety and security should be enhanced to reduce early marriage. Eg; Prevention of Sexual Harassment at workplace act and safety infrastructure like CCTV.
  • Rehabilitation: Providing immediate relief for the rehabilitation of child marriage. Eg; One Stop center to support child brides by offering shelter.

A substantive equality approach in reforming child marriage laws involves not only legal prohibition but also proactive measures to address the socio-economic factors that contribute to child marriage, thereby ensuring true equality and empowerment for young girls in India.

ASER Report 2024

Context: Pratham NGO has released Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024, the annual report on the status of education in rural areas. According to the report, a total of 6,49,491 children in 17,997 villages across 605 rural districts in India were surveyed. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Question based on ASER report and observations, challenges and suggestions for the education sector. 

Major Observations in ASER 2024: 

Major Observations in ASER 2024

1. Enrollment in pre-primary institutions (Age group 3-5 years):

  • Enhanced enrollment: Enrollment in pre-primary institutions increased from 68.1% in 2018 to 75.8% in 2022 to 77.4% in 2024
    • Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Telangana have achieved near-universal enrollment for this age group.
    • Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh have the highest proportion of 3-year-olds not enrolled anywhere (over 50%).
  • Dominance by Anganwadi: More than 75% children are enrolled in Anganwadi centres in these age groups.
  • Fluctuating Private institution enrollment: Approximately one-third of all 5-year-olds attend a private school or preschool in 2024. This figure was 37.3% in 2018, fell to 30.8% in 2022, and returned to 37.5% in 2024.

2. Elementary (age group 6-14 years): 

  • Near 100% enrollment: Enrollment ratio has stayed almost the same, from 98.4% in 2022 to 98.1% in 2024. Across all states, enrollment in this age group is above 95% in 2024.
  • Reduction in government school enrollment: The pandemic saw large increases in government school enrollments (72.9% in 2022). But by 2024, the all-India figure declined to 66.8% (dropped to the 2018 levels).
  • Improvement in learning outcome: 
    • The proportion of Std V children in government schools who can read a Std II level text fell from 44.2% in 2018 to 38.5% in 2022 and then recovered to 44.8% in 2024. 
    • The All-India figure for children in Std III who are able to at least do a numerical subtraction problem was 28.2% in 2018 and 25.9% in 2022. This figure has increased to 33.7% in 2024.
children 5-14 in school in ASER 2024
children enrolled in class 3 in ASER 2024

3. Digital literacy: 

  • Access to smartphones: Access to smartphones is close to universal among the 14-16 age group. Almost 90% of both girls and boys report having a smartphone at home. More than 80% report knowing how to use a smartphone.
  • Digital safety: Among children who used social media, 62% knew how to block or report a profile, 55.2% knew how to make a profile private, and 57.7% knew how to change a password.
  • School infrastructure:
    • Functional toilets: The fraction of schools with usable girls’ toilets increased from 66.4% in 2018 to 68.4% in 2022 to 72% in 2024.
    • Drinking water facilities: About 77.7% of schools have accessible drinking water facilities.
school facilities in ASER 2024

Factors behind the improved outcomes

  • Improved learning outcomes: The implementation of National Education policy and schemes like NIPUN Bharat has enhanced the learning outcomes. 
  • Higher enrollment: Improvement in the school infrastructure and improved health outcomes with POSHAN 2.0 scheme enhanced enrollment.
  • High smartphone access: Internet connectivity with affordable internet plans and online education guidelines like PRAGYATA has enhanced the penetration of online education.

Issues and challenges:

  • Regional discrepancy: There is a large variation among the states in enrollment and learning outcomes. E.g., Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh have the highest proportion of 3-year-olds not enrolled anywhere (over 50%).
  • Gender gap: There is a gender gap in the digital skills and also the school infrastructure to address the needs of female students.
  • Balancing academics and responsibilities: Many youth juggle school with household chores or farm work, impacting the learning outcomes. 

Suggestive Measures: 

  • Enhancing budget: There should be an increment in the education budget of India making it 6% of the GDP.
  • Strengthening retention strategies: Implementing programs to encourage continued education among 15-16 year olds by inculcation of vocational training and free of cost career counseling. 
  • Continuous monitoring: Encouraging online mechanisms to monitor the attendance of teachers and students in real time to enhance effectiveness of educational interventions.

The ASER 2024 report underscores the progress made in India's rural education sector, particularly in government schools, while also highlighting areas that require focused attention to ensure equitable and quality education for all students. 

Namo Drone Didi Scheme 

Context: Namo Drone Didi Scheme is skilling and training women as drone-pilots and contributing to their economic empowerment and sustainable livelihood generation, in various Indian states. 

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Namo Drone Didi Scheme. 

About Namo Drone Didi Scheme

  • Namo Drone Didi is a central sector scheme to empower women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) by equipping them with drone technology to provide agricultural services. 
  • Aim: To provide drones to 15000 selected Women SHGs during the period from 2024-25 to 2025-2026, for providing rental services to farmers for agriculture purposes (application of liquid fertilisers and pesticides at present). 

Key Features of Namo Drone Didi Scheme                                                                

  • Financial Support and Accessibility   
    • Women SHGs receive substantial financial assistance, covering 80% of the drone and accessory costs, up to Rs. 8 lakhs.
    • For the remaining 20% cost, SHGs can seek loans from the National Agriculture Infrastructure Financing Facility (AIF) with a 3% interest subvention.
  • Collaborative Effort: The scheme is a collaborative venture between:
    • Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
    • Department of Rural Development
    • Department of Fertilisers
    • Lead Fertiliser Companies and other supporting entities. 
  • Cluster-Based Implementation: 
    • Scheme implementation involves selection of area/cluster and SHG groups in Rural Areas under DAY – NRLM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana -National Rural Livelihoods Mission), where there is demand for drones to provide agriculture services. 
  • Specialised Training for Women SHG Members: One of the members of the women SHGs will be selected for 15-day training consisting of:
    • 5-day mandatory drone pilot training. 
    • 10 days training for agriculture purposes for nutrient and pesticide application.
Namo Drone Didi Scheme

Benefits of Namo Drone Didi Scheme:                                           

  • Skill Development and Women Empowerment: 
    • Specialised training to women in drone technology and other modern agricultural practices, such as optimal application of fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides. It enables them to perform tasks like crop monitoring, soil analysis, and precision farming more efficiently.
    • The scheme is expected to generate an additional income of at least Rs. 1 lakh per year for each SHG.
  • Enhancement of Agricultural Efficiency: 
    • Drone technology significantly enhances precise application of pesticides and fertilisers. This reduces overuse of chemicals, minimising environmental impact and lowers input costs for farmers. 
  • Community and Networking Opportunities:
    • Women can connect with a supportive network of fellow participants, industry experts, mentors, and agricultural professionals, creating avenues for mentorship and professional growth.

Sudden Cardiac Deaths in Athletes

Context: Instances of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes, while rare, remain a significant concern that requires careful attention and preventive measures.

Relevance of the Topic: Key facts about Sudden Cardiac Death & Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). 

What is Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)?

  • The most common cause of SCD is sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), characterised by an unexpected circulatory arrest (a condition where blood circulation suddenly stops) typically due to cardiac arrhythmia, occurring within an hour of symptom onset.
    • Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the sudden loss of all heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm.
    • Breathing stops, the person becomes unconscious. Without immediate treatment, sudden cardiac arrest can lead to death.
  • It is concerning as it causes sudden death in a structurally normal heart with no other explanation and a history consistent with cardiac-related death.
- A cardiac arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat. It occurs when the electrical signals that tell the heart to beat don't work properly. The heart may beat too fast or too slow. Or the pattern of the heartbeat may be inconsistent.

-A heart arrhythmia may feel like a fluttering, pounding or racing heartbeat. Some heart arrhythmias are harmless. Others may cause life-threatening symptoms.

Risk Factors:

  • The risk factors for SCA and SCD include: 
    • Coronary artery disease - Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries (due to plaque/cholesterol buildup in these arteries), which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- A disease in which the heart muscle becomes thickened, also called hypertrophied. The thickened heart muscle can make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
    • Arrhythmias - An irregular heartbeat.
    • A genetic predisposition
    • Pre-existing heart conditions
    • Weight issues
    • High-intensity exercise without proper training
    • History of smoking 
    • Increased ambient temperature.

Exercise and Cardiovascular Health: 

  • Exercise is a vital tool for promoting health and well-being. It improves cardiovascular risk factors like lipid levels, hypertension, insulin sensitivity, and weight.
  • Multiple studies have established a positive correlation between moderate aerobic exercise and reduced risk of coronary artery disease.

Guidelines to Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) in Athletes: 

  • According to International Olympic Committee recommendations, pre-participation screening and periodic health evaluation are the only ways to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular accidents and other injuries in athletes.
  • The World Athletics Health and Science Department, based on IOC guidelines, recommends a pre-participation medical evaluation (PPME) at the start of the season for athletes in competitive sports. 
  • A study conducted on the benefits of pre-participation screening and periodic health evaluation demonstrated a drop in the incidence of SCD by 90% in young athletes.

Challenges: 

  • Concerns with Athletes: During vigorous physical activity by athletes, there is a substantial increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. This surge can trigger arrhythmias and potentially lead to sudden cardiac arrest.
  • Pre-participation screening and periodic health evaluation may not be possible in mass endurance events where the majority of participants are recreational athletes. Despite screening, sudden cardiac arrest may be challenging to predict. 

Way Forward

  • Prompt and appropriate resuscitation - Evidence points to excellent survival rates after arrest when appropriate resuscitation is started promptly (for every minute delay, there is a 7% decreased chance of survival.) Personnel trained in CPR and access to defibrillators on the route and at sports venues are crucial in reducing the incidence of sudden cardiac death.
  • Periodic health evaluations - As athletes, competitive or recreational, it is important to have periodic health evaluations. The ECG needs to be read by a trained physician who is aware of the physiological and structural adaptations in the heart of an athlete.
  • Correct medical information should be provided honestly by the athletes during their screening.
  • Workouts under trained coach - The risk of sudden cardiac death is higher in those with pre-existing conditions, and hence it is important that exercise be carried out under supervision or with the help of a trained coach.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): 

CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including: 

  • Coronary heart disease: It happens when the heart's blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries.
  • Cerebrovascular disease: It is an umbrella term for conditions that impact the blood vessels in the brain. It may cause a reduction of blood flow to your brain (ischemia) or bleeding (haemorrhage) in a part of your brain.
  • Peripheral arterial disease: A condition where the arteries that supply blood to the legs or arms narrow or become blocked.
  • Rheumatic heart disease: Rheumatic heart disease is a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever.
  • Congenital heart disease: It is one or more problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth.
  • Deep vein thrombosis: A condition when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually in the legs.
  • Pulmonary embolism: A condition that arises when a blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung.

Plight of Migrant Workers

Context: According to a UNESCO report, internal migrants contribute to around 10% of India's GDP, however, migrant workers are often disregarded and considered forgotten citizens. The state mechanisms show lack of care and attention towards the plight of migrant workers.

Relevance of the Topic: Mains- Migration: Status, drivers, challenges associated, government initiatives and way forward. 

Status of Migration in India

  • As per the Census 2011, the total number of internal migrants in India were estimated to be 450 million (37% of the country’s population).
    • This had risen by 139 million from 315 million in 2001 in Census 2011 and 220 million in 1991, a doubling over 1991-2011.
  • As per NSS 2020-21 Survey: One in three Urban Indians is a ‘migrant’ but mostly intra-state. Among migrants, 55% have moved between villages, mostly women moving after marriage.
  • Marriage is a larger driver of migration than jobs for women. Jobs are the biggest reason for migration from men.
  • Himachal Pradesh and Telangana have the highest share of job-related migrants in their total urban male population.
  • Delhi has the highest share of persons (21.3%) who have come from outside its territory.

Drivers of Migration

  • Caste-based discrimination: Disadvantaged caste groups embrace migration as an opportunity to escape unfair practices in their villages, such as caste based discrimination in accessing employment, opting for other livelihood options.
  • Natural disasters and climatic conditions contribute to migration in search of livelihoods.
  • Uneven growth: The central, eastern and north-eastern parts of India have low levels of urbanisation, forcing workers to migrate to the southern and western regions, as they offer more employment opportunities.
  • Social mobility: Migration helps workers to finance expenses for marriage or to enhance their asset base, by means such as improving housing or even buying land.

Caste and Migration

  • According to NSS data, Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) are over-represented in short-term migration streams and under-represented in long-term migration streams.
  • While a substantial portion of migration for all social categories is because of marriage, a high share of both the SC and non-SC/ST categories report migrating for employment.
  • Apart from economic reasons, Lower caste groups also migrate from rural to urban areas to escape from the caste-based discrimination in their source regions.
  • SC and ST migrants are largely confined to construction sector and other informal jobs due to poor skills and lack of social networking.

Issues of Migrant Population:

  • Official Invisibility: The migrant workforce is almost invisible in official data. This absence results in deprivation of social protection programmes offered by the state.
  • No Bargaining Power: Migrant Workforce is a highly diverse group. Hence, they lack any power to bargain collectively and are susceptible to exploitation.
  • Political Exclusion: Political parties do not always recognise migrants as a political constituency and respond to their concerns, since they most often don’t exercise their voting rights in destination places.
  • Exclusion from welfare schemes: Most of the welfare schemes are linked to the place of origin of the migrants. Lack of access to proper government documents (E.g., local address proof for voter ID) deprives them from accessing most govt schemes and policies.
  • Discontinuation of education: Seasonal migrants often take their children along when they migrate for work, which negatively impacts upon the regular and continued schooling of children.
  • Violence: Social exclusion and hostility against the migrants owing to rising sense of regionalism.

Government Intervention for Migrant Workers:

●  e-SHRAM portal: To create a national database of unorganised workers seeded with Aadhaar. It is also to facilitate delivery of Social Security and welfare Schemes to such workers.

●  One Nation One Ration Card: To create a technology system which will be used for enabling migrants to access Ration from any Fair Price Shop in India.

●  Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHC) for Migrant Workers/Urban Poor (under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban ): To cater to the housing needs of eligible beneficiaries.

●  Code on Social Security, 2020: The code broadens the definition of an employee to encompass informal workers to extend the existing social security net. Under this central government will establish social security funds for informal workers, gig workers, and platform workers.

●  Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM-SVANidhi): To offer affordable working capital loans to street vendors, enabling them to restart their livelihoods adversely affected by the Covid-19 lockdown.

●  State Migrant Cell: Established to develop a database of migrant workers in various states, along with comprehensive mapping.

●  Election Commission's remote voting plan for migrants: That would allow domestic migrants to vote in national and regional elections for enabling political inclusion of migrant workers so they can demand their entitlements.

Inter-state Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979:

  • The Inter-state Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act was enacted by the Government of India in 1979 to safeguard the interests of migrant workers.
  • ●  The act provides for payment of minimum wages, equal payment at par with local workers for similar work, payment of journey allowance, suitable accommodation, and medical facilities free of charge among others.
    • Employers must obtain a licence from the relevant authority before employing a migrant worker. Migrant workers must be registered with the district magistrate before being employed.
    • Principal employer: If a contractor does not pay wages and other benefits to migrant workers, the principal employer is responsible.
    • Penalties: The penalty for violations of the act is up to one year in prison or a fine of up to Rs. 10,000.
  • Issues: The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 has some issues, including:
    • Poor Compliance: Many migrant workers are not registered with licensed contractors, which means they do not receive the benefits of the act. Migrant workers were recruited through agents/contractors to work on large construction and other projects from outside the state and this system lends itself to various abuses.
    • India’s labour force remains largely informal and unorganised. However, there has been a lack of systematic data on unorganised workers.

Recommendations of NITI Aayog

To overcome the challenges faced by the migrants, NITI Aayog prepared a Draft policy on Migrant workers. Major recommendations of the policy are:

  • Rights-based Approach: This approach towards Migrant workers will lead to enhancing the agency and capability of the community.
  • Political inclusion of Migrant Workers to enhance accountability of political leadership towards welfare of migrant workers of their respective states.
  • Amending Inter State Migrant Workers Act, 1979 as the existing law protects only labourers migrating through a contractor, and left out independent migrants.
  • Collecting credible data on Migrants and Creation of a central database to help employers fill the gap between demand and supply and ensure maximum benefit of social welfare schemes.
  • Setting up Inter-State Coordination mechanisms and adopting strategies to check distress migration.

Addressing various challenges of Migrants is crucial for seamless migration of labourers across the country and economic unification of the country.

UDISE+ Report: Drop in School Enrollment in 2023-24

Context: Recently, the Ministry of Education has released the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) report that indicates a drop in the school enrollment ratio. The number of enrolled students in 2022-23 were 25.17 crore, while the figures for 2023-24 stood at 24.80 crore.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Key facts about the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) report. 

Mains: Analysis of causes of dropping enrollment and other trends in the Report. 

Major Highlights of the UDISE+ Report

  • Decline in School Enrollment Rate:
    • The number of enrolled students in 2022-23 were 25.17 crore, while the figures for 2023-24 stood at 24.80 crore.
      • In 2018-19 total enrollment was 26.02 crore, which increased in 2019-20 by 1.6%. 
      • Enrollment slightly fell in the 2020-21 due to COVID-19 led lockdown. 
      • In 2021-22, enrollment slightly improved by 0.76% (due government schemes like PRAGYATA scheme of digital education and lockdown upliftment).
    • There is a sharp increase in the enrollment in the private schools as compared to the government schools, suggesting shifting back to private institutions.
  • Drop-out rates rise sharply at higher education levels, from 5.2% in middle school to 10.9% at the secondary stage.
    • Increase in Dropout Rate for Boys: From 2018-19 to 2023-24, boys enrollment percentage dropped by 4.87%, while in similar duration girls dropout reduced by 4.48%.
  • Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER): While the preparatory level boasts a GER of 96.5%, the foundational level is at a mere 41.5%. Middle and secondary levels are at 89.5% and 66.5%, respectively. 
  • State-wise trends: 
    • States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra witnessed the highest dropouts as per the report.
    • State-wise discrepancies: West Bengal has 79% foundational and preparatory schools but only 11.6% secondary schools, creating a risk of higher dropout rates. 
image 17
  • State of School Infrastructure:
    • While over 90% of schools have basic amenities like electricity and gender-specific toilets, advanced facilities such as functional desktops, internet access and ramps with handrails remain limited.
    • Only 57.2% of schools have functional computers, 53.9% have internet, and 52.3% are equipped with ramps, underscoring significant gaps in accessibility and tech readiness.

About UIDSE+

  • Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) Plus is a data aggregation platform maintained by the Ministry of Education ministry to collate school education data from across the country.
    • UDISE+ is an upgraded version of the original UDISE (Unified District Information System for Education).
    • UDISE+ system was developed by the Department of School Education & Literacy in the year 2018-19.
    • Aim:
      • To enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of education data.
      • To overcome the issues related to erstwhile practice of manual data filling in paper format. 
  • UDISE+ 2023-24 attempted to collect student-wise data along with their Aadhaar numbers on a voluntary basis to establish a uniqueness. Overall, more than 19.7 crore students provided Aadhaar numbers by 2023-24.
  • Significance: The shift from aggregated school-level data to individual student records, facilitated by Aadhaar-linked unique educational IDs-
    • Gives a more accurate picture of the education system. 
    • Enhances the monitoring of progression and retention. 
    • Streamline beneficiary identification for government schemes, reducing duplication and promoting equitable resource distribution.
image 18

Potential Reasons for the Decline in School Enrollment

  • Change in Data Collection Methodology: In 2022-23, MoE started a revitalised UDISE+ ecosystem which captures data on more than 60 fields for each student and Aadhaar details were also collected on a voluntary basis.
    • More efforts have been put in to accurately establish student and teacher credentials to remove duplicate/ghost entries for specific identification of beneficiaries. 
    • UDISE+ 2022-23 data is not strictly comparable with the previous reports on various educational indicators like Gross Enrolment Ratio, Net Enrolment Ratio, dropout rates etc. 
    • Apart from Aadhaar, a separate unique educational ID (EID) for every student has been created in the UDISE+ portal to cover each and every child under the ecosystem of UDISE+. 
  • Alternate Education Choices: There is increasing preference for homeschooling and the alternate means of education, reducing enrollment in the schools.
  • Post-pandemic school preference: Post pandemic there is high enrollment in the private schools, suggesting changes in parental preferences and perception of quality education. 
  • Demographic change: A slight reduction in the birth rate in India may also be impacting the enrollment numbers of school-age children. 
  • Infrastructure and Resource challenges: Issues like insufficient smart classrooms, low teacher to student ratio may also impact enrollment. E.g., Only 12% of government schools have a functional smart classroom. 

Way Forward

  • Enhancing budget: There should be a 6% of GDP allocation (in line with the recommendation of National Education Policy, 2020) to education to improve physical and digital infrastructure and resources in schools.
  • Proper monitoring: There should be a timely and proper monitoring of the learning outcomes of the students not only in the form of examinations but also in terms of problem solving assessments. 
  • Inviting guest faculty: There should be a provision for regular inclusion of guest faculty for improved learning outcomes of the students. E.g., Vidyanjali scheme of voluntary guest faculty in schools.

Conclusion: The report suggests a reduction in overall enrolment of the students, suggesting a scope of improvement in standards of the education. The focus should be in enhanced fund allocation, improved monitoring, inviting expertise, and quality enhancement by gaining public feedback to promote higher enrollment. Curtailing dropouts and ensuring universal access to education at all levels by 2030 is one of the primary goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and Sustainable Development Goals.

PM Internship Scheme

Context: As per the Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs, the pilot scheme of the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme has received approximately 6.21 lakh applications against 1.27 lakh opportunities under the scheme.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme. 

About Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme

  • The scheme was announced in the Budget 2024-25. 
  • Initiative of: Ministry of Corporate Affairs
  • Aim: To provide internship opportunities to one crore youth in top 500 companies in five years. 
  • A Pilot Project of the Scheme targeted at providing 1.25 lakh internship opportunities has been launched for the Financial Year 2024-25.

Selection of Companies:

  • The internship opportunities span 24 sectors, including oil, gas, energy, travel, hospitality, automotive, banking and financial services, etc. 
  • The companies selected for this pilot were identified based on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure over the past three years, ensuring that participants are placed in organizations that are committed to social and ethical practices.
  • Other companies, banks, or financial institutions can also participate with approval from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), particularly if they represent underrepresented sectors.
  • If a partner company cannot provide internship opportunities directly, it may collaborate with: Companies in its forward and backward supply chain (e.g., suppliers, customers, vendors).
PM Internship Scheme

Eligibility:

  • The Pilot Project offers a 12-month internship program designed for youth aged 21 to 24 years, specifically for Indian nationals who are not employed full-time or engaged in full-time education. 
  • Internships can be applied for through the PM Internship Portal (Managed by Ministry of Corporate Affairs) 
  • Candidates who have passed High School or Higher Secondary School, have a certificate from an ITI, have a diploma from a polytechnic institute. Graduated with degrees such as BA, B.Sc, B.Com, BCA, BBA, B.Pharma, etc.

Exclusion:

  • Graduates from premier institutions like IITs, IIMs, National Law Universities, IISER, NIDs, and IIITs along with holders of qualifications such as CA, CMA, CS, MBBS, BDS, MBA, or any master’s or higher degree are not eligible.
  • Those undergoing skill, apprenticeships, internships, or student training under Central or State government schemes along with Individuals who have completed apprenticeships under National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS) or National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) are ineligible. 
  • A candidate is deemed ineligible if the income of any of the family members exceeds Rs 8 Lakh for FY 2023-24.
  • Family members of permanent or regular government employees are also excluded.

Financial Assistance:

  • Interns will receive a monthly stipend of ₹5,000 throughout the internship duration.
    • This consists of: ₹500 contributed by partner companies, contingent on attendance and conduct.
    • The remaining ₹4,500 will be provided by the government via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to the intern’s Aadhaar-seeded bank account.
  • Additionally, a one-time grant of ₹6,000 will be disbursed after joining the internship, also through DBT.
  • All interns will be covered under the government’s insurance schemes: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, with the premium paid by the government.
  • Training Costs i.e. expenditures associated with the training of interns under the Scheme, would be borne by the company from its CSR funds, as per the extant rules.

Significance:

  • Scheme provides an opportunity to the interns to get training, gain experience and skills within the real-life environment of the businesses or organizations that helps in bridging the gap between academic learning and industry requirements, in turn, assisting enhancement of her/his employability.
  • By partnering with leading companies across diverse sectors, the initiative aims to enhance employability and skills among participants. 
  • With clear eligibility criteria and structured support through Direct Benefit Transfers, this program not only fosters professional growth but also encourages active participation from businesses committed to corporate social responsibility.

Key Initiatives in the field of Skill development:

  • STRIVE Project focuses on entrepreneurship and mentoring in ITIs and NSTIs.
  • PM-JANMAN initiative targets skilling and uplifting vulnerable tribal groups.
  • SANKALP - marginalized communities receive support for entrepreneurship
  • Initiatives under the Skill India Mission [Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)} 
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) - offers short-term skill training
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra’s (PMKK) - standardizes quality training across India. 
    • Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) - target non-literate and rural populations,
    • Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana - promotes entrepreneurship. 
    • Skill India Digital (SID) - introduces AI-driven tools for job matching and continuous learning. 
    • The PM Vishwakarma Yojana - supports traditional artisans by modernizing their skills and integrating them into global markets, ensuring sustainable livelihoods.

Reduction in Domestic Migration

Context: As per the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) Report, “400 Million Dreams” the domestic migration has reduced by 11.78% as compared to 2011 census. 

Relevance of the Topic Mains: Labour issues and Migration led economy. 

Major Highlights:

  • The EAC-PM has highlighted the reduction in migration rate from 37.64% in 2011 to 28.88% in 2023. In 2023, the estimated number of migrants is about 40.20 crore as compared to 45.57 crore in census 2011. 
  • Three datasets were used to estimate the data:
    • Indian Railway Unreserved Ticketing System data on passenger volume. 
    • Mobile telephone roaming data from TRAI
    • District level banking data on remittances 
  • Cities attracting the most migrants: Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Delhi and Hyderabad. 
  • West Bengal, Rajasthan and Karnataka have shown maximum growth in migrant arrivals. 
  • Hypothesis for trend: Report suggests improvement in health, education and economic opportunities in small cities as the reason for reduction in the migration rate. 

Other Possible Reasons for Reduction in Migration

  • Reduced urban center attraction: The urban centers are suffering from decaying infrastructure, high inflation and poor housing conditions. This can reduce the migration towards the urban centers. 
  • Preference to short distance migration: Migrants from semi-urban centers can prefer short distance migration to seek better economic opportunities.
  • Policy factor: Government policies like Aspirational District Programme has promoted the jobs and quality of life in tier-2 and tier-3 cities, reducing migration
  • Emerging labour opportunities: Percolation of development to the semi-urban areas especially the infrastructure projects creates a labour market in the small towns. 

Also Read: Migration in India: Current Issue and Challenges 

About EAC-PM

  • Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister is an independent, non-constitutional and non-permanent body formed to provide objective advice on economic policy matters to the Prime Minister. 
  • It consists of a chairperson, followed by experts from domains like economy, finance, agriculture etc.

Conclusion: The findings in the report not only highlights the migration pattern but also indicates the potential better economic conditions in semi-urban areas, reducing the necessity of migration to urban centers. 

End to 'No Detention Policy’ for class 5th and 8th

Context: The Central Government has scrapped the 'No detention policy’ for class 5 and class 8 in Central schools. The No detention policy stated that no student can be held back for not fulfilling the promotion criteria after the exam. Now, the students who do not pass their year-end exams will be marked as failed and will need to retake the tests.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Key aspects of Right to Education Act (RTE), 2009. 

Mains: Education reforms and schooling outcomes. 

Major Highlights:

  • The Ministry of Education has amended the Right of Children Free and Compulsory Education Rules, 2010 to insert a section on detaining students in class 5 and class 8.
    • Previously, Section 16 of the Right to Education Act (RTE), 2009, restricted schools from detaining students up to Class 8. 
    • Parliament amended the RTE Act in March 2019, allowing states to conduct regular exams in Classes 5 and 8 and officially ending the ‘No Detention Policy.’
  • Rules will impact over 3,000 schools run by the central government:
    • Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya under the Ministry of Education. 
    • Sainik Schools under the Ministry of Defence.
    • Eklavya Model Residential Schools under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. 
  • Additional exam provision: Children who do not meet the promotion criteria will have a chance to retake the exams within two months of the result declaration. If a student still lacks the promotion criteria then they will be retained in Class 5 or Class 8.
  • Targeted support: During this period, the class teacher will work closely with the student, and if required their parents too will provide targeted support to address any learning gaps.
  • Note: 
    • Education is a state subject, so the States and Union Territories can still decide whether to continue or end the policy in their schools.
    • Already 16 states and 2 UTs including Delhi have abandoned the no-detention policy for these two classes.
image 174

About No Detention Policy

  • The No Detention Policy was introduced in 2009 under the Right to Education Act, as part of the Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation process (CCE) for elementary schools as against the year-end traditional examination process.
  • The primary goal of the policy was to prevent students from being held back due to poor academic performance, as this was seen as a major factor contributing to school dropouts.
    • By allowing automatic promotion, the policy aimed to create equal opportunities for children from diverse backgrounds and enable them to complete elementary education regardless of academic challenges.
    • Experts argued that the policy was crucial for preventing dropouts and improving school retention rates.

Criticism of No Detention Policy:

  • Higher Failure rate in higher classes: Many states opposed the policy arguing that it left students ill-prepared for board exams and contributed to higher failure rates in Class 10. 
  • Reduced accountability of schools: It has been argued that the policy led to erosion of accountability in elementary education, and schools are just centres for the mid-day meal, as education and learning are missing.

Reasons to scrap No Detention Policy:

  • Improve learning outcomes: In 2016, the Central Advisory Board on Education (CABE) recommended scrapping the policy as students were no longer serious about their studies. Through changes in the rules, schools will be able to pay attention to those students who are not good at studies to improve learning outcomes. 
  • Enhance competitive spirit: Detention may help in promoting the competitive spirit among the students. 
  • Sync with NEP 2020: Improving the examination standard is a mandate of National Education Policy 2020, and detention may help in improving the standards of the exams. 

What more can be done?

Education is a balance of learning and testing of learnings. Detention will help the testing part but learning can be improved by working on:

  • Enhancing school infrastructure
  • Teacher training in emerging fields like AI, Data and e-learning
  • Liberalising the subjects by inclusion of real-life skill training. 

Conclusion: Scrapping no detention policy will have a positive impact on the mindset of the students, but to enhance the learning outcomes a holistic policy of infrastructure, curriculum and pedagogy need to be implemented. 

High dropout rates in Eklavya Model Residential Schools

Context: The government data shows that Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) are struggling to meet a sub quota of 5% for the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in admissions.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS). 

Major Highlights:

The findings show that: 

  • Just 3.4% of students in EMR schools now are from PVTG communities.
  • The States that had the most students (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Gujarat) were also struggling to meet the 5% quota. 
  • In Madhya Pradesh, PVTG students account for 3.8% of the total students. 
  • In Chhattisgarh, they make up 2.74% of the student population.  
  • In Gujarat, just 21 students out of the total 10,688 belong to PVTG communities.
  • Data tabled in Lok sabha highlighted that more and more PVTG students had been dropping out of these schools for the past three years.

Eklavya Model Residential Schools

  • EMRS is a central sector scheme which aims to provide quality education to Scheduled Tribes (ST) students from Class 6 to Class 12.
    • The government planned to establish one EMRS in every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal population as per 2011 census.
    • In blocks, where density of ST population is higher than 90%, Eklavya Model Day Boarding Schools (EMDBS) can be set up on an experimental basis. 
  • Education is provided free of cost to tribal students in EMRS.
  • These schools focus not only on academic education but on the all-round development of students.
    • These schools have special facilities for preserving local art & culture besides providing training in sports and skill development.
    • Each school has a capacity of 480 students and is on par with Navodaya Schools.
  • States can also run EMRS in alternative buildings preferably in Government buildings till the construction of schools is completed.
  • Implementation:
    • This scheme is administered by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
    • National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), an autonomous organisation, has been created to manage and implement the scheme of EMRS.

Note:

  • The provision to introduce a 5% sub-quota for PVTG students in admissions to Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) was introduced after their administration was centralised by setting up the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) in 2019.
  • As of July 2024, 708 EMRSs have been sanctioned across the country, out of which 405 schools are functional.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)

  • There are some tribes who are more vulnerable because of their extreme backwardness and low literacy. They are categorised as particularly vulnerable tribal groups.
    • In 1973, the Dhebar Commission created Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category, which are less developed among the tribal groups.
    • In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
  • Criteria for identification of PVTGs: 
    • Pre-agricultural level of technology  
    • Low level of literacy
    • Economic backwardness   
    • A declining or stagnant population Accordingly,
  • 75 PTVGs have been identified across the country, spread over 18 states and 1 Union Territory (Andaman & Nicobar) Among the 75 listed PVTGs the highest number are found in Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12).

Factors contributing to High dropout rates in EMRS:

The following factors which are primarily responsible for the persistent dropout rates in EMRS:

  • Quality of Education: The academic performance of EMRSs has been below national averages.
    • Achievement Surveys from 2017 show that EMRSs scored lower than the national average, with the highest score being just 52.8%, slightly above the national average for Scheduled Tribe students. 
  • Infrastructure Gaps: Many EMRSs lack adequate facilities affecting the learning environment.
    • As of June 2023, out of 684 sanctioned schools, only 46 had their own premises; the rest operated in rented or government buildings.
  • Teacher Shortage: There's a significant deficit of qualified teachers which adversely impacts educational quality.
    • In 2021, 3,400 teaching posts were advertised, but the recruitment process was cancelled in 2022. Consequently, about 70% of teachers are either contractual or on deputation.
  • Pressure to Work: Tribal students often face economic hardships, compelling them to work and contribute to family income, leading to higher dropout rates.
    • The Tribal Development Report 2022 indicates that 48.2% of tribal children leave school before completing Class 8, and this number rises to 62.4% by Class 10. 

To reduce dropout rates in EMRS, there is a need to prioritise infrastructure development and teacher recruitment. The government must ensure financial aid to tribal families and establish vocational training. Use of digital tools along with their robust monitoring would enhance academic and will foster long-term educational inclusivity.

NITI Aayog proposes S.A.F.E. Accommodations

Context: The NITI Aayog recently released a report “S.A.F.E. Accommodation - Worker Housing for manufacturing growth” suggesting the Central Government to build mega housing projects near manufacturing plants where industrial workers could rent a room for as low as Rs 3000.

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States. (S.A.F.E. Accommodations for Workers)

India’s Manufacturing Aspirations: 

  • India aims to increase the manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP (from the current 17% to 25%) and become a global manufacturing hub, as part of its vision for ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2047. 
  • As per the Economic Survey 2023-24, India needs to add 7.85 million jobs every year until 2030 to sustain economic growth. A productive workforce is central to attain the vision. 
  • India needs to create more jobs for women and increase Female Labour Force Participation Rate. In India, women contribute only 18% to the GDP. (In China, women’s contribution to GDP is around 41%)
India’s Manufacturing Aspirations

Issues due to Inadequate Housing near Industrial hubs: 

Why S.A.F.E. Accommodation Matters?

  • Enhance Workforce Productivity
    • Lower commute time
    • Affordable housing for workers 
    • Improves workers’ quality of life 
    • Enables labour mobility 
  • Win-Win-Win Scenario:
    • S.A.F.E. accommodation for labour, Increases FLFP rate. 
    • Lower attrition rate, lower recruitment costs and stable workforce for Companies.
    • Promotes planned Urban development. 
    • Ensures attractive returns on investment for Private developers. 
    • Promotes competitiveness of the Indian manufacturing sector & attracts global investment. 
    • Aligns with Global Labour Standards (E.g., ILO Labor Welfare Conventions)

Note: 

  • Factories Act, 1948: Mandates basic welfare amenities for workers which can be extended to housing. (As per the Act: Factories employing more than 150 workers must provide and maintain adequate and suitable shelters/restrooms, and lunchrooms for the use of workers)
  • Social Security Code, 2020: Consolidates the laws relating to social security benefits including housing to all employees either in the organised, unorganised or any other sectors. 

Challenges in Scaling Up Worker Accommodation:

  • Restrictive Zoning Laws: Residential developments are often prohibited in industrial zones unless explicitly permitted. 
  • Restrictive Building Laws: Low Floor Area Ratios (FAR) and other inefficient land-use regulations limit the potential for high-capacity housing on available land.
  • High Operating Costs: Hostel accommodations in industrial zones are often classified as commercial establishments, leading to higher property taxes and utility rates.
  • Financial Viability: High capital costs and low returns make large-scale worker accommodation projects unattractive to private developers. 

Proposed Solutions by NITI Ayog: 

1. Regulatory Recommendations:

  • Classification of S.A.F.E Accommodation: S.A.F.E accommodation should be classified as a distinct category of residential housing. This classification would ensure:
    • GST Exemption for accommodations meeting specified criteria (E.g., ₹20,000 per person per month for a continuous stay of 90 days).
    • Residential Rates: Application of residential property tax, electricity, and water tariffs to reduce operating costs. 
  • Long-term, dormitory-style affordable accommodations designed exclusively for industrial workers, located near their workplaces.
  • Zoning Reforms: Allow ‘mixed land use’ in industrial zones or designate ‘SAFE accommodation as a permitted use in industrial zones’ to enable construction of working houses close to workplaces.
  • Environment Clearance Exemption: Include S.A.F.E. accommodations under the exemptions provided for industrial sheds, schools, colleges, and hostels in the draft notification issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

2. Financial Recommendations:

  • Provision of Viability Gap Funding (VGF):
    • Provide up to 30-40% of the total project cost (excluding land) through VGF, with 20% contributed by the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) and 10% by the sponsoring nodal ministry (MoHUA). Additionally, State Governments may provide a VGF up to 10%. 
    • Amend Annexure 3 of the VGF scheme to include affordable rental housing as an eligible sector.
  • Retrofitting Existing Facilities: The VGF can also be leveraged to retrofit / upgrade existing brownfield workers’ accommodation facilities. 
  • Competitive Bidding: Determine VGF support through a transparent and competitive bidding process. 

Conclusion: As India progresses towards becoming a $5 trillion economy, addressing workers accommodation challenges is a priority. By aligning the regulatory and financial frameworks, India can unlock the potential for sustainable worker housing solutions that would bolster the manufacturing ecosystem, enhance workforce productivity, and attract global investments. 

Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

Context: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is essential for ensuring that all individuals in India can access quality healthcare without facing financial hardship. Public spending on health plays a crucial role in achieving this goal.

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Issues relating to development and management of services relating to Health.

Universal Health Coverage: 

  • Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 
  • The concept of Universal Health Coverage covers three key elements — access, quality, and financial protection. 
  • India is committed to achieving Universal Health care for all by 2030, which is fundamental to achieving the other Sustainable Development Goals.
Universal Health Coverage

Extent of Public Spending on Health in India:

  • Total Health Expenditure (THE) for India is estimated to be around 3.3% of GDP and ₹4,863 per capita.
  • Share of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) in Total Health Expenditure declined from 62.6% in 2014-15 to 47.1% in 2019-20.
  • Share of Government Health Expenditure in Total Health Expenditure increases from 29% (2014-15) to 41.4% (2019-20).
  • Government Health Expenditure’s share in the country's total GDP increases from 1.13% (2014-15) to 1.35% (2019-20).
Extent of Public Spending on Health in India 1
Extent of Public Spending on Health in India 2

Despite the significant increase in government expenditure on Health, it is still way below the target of National Health Policy (2017)-  2.5% of GDP.

Need for Government Health Expenditure:

  • Preventive Healthcare: Unlike private Health expenditure, public spending invests heavily on preventive health care services like Immunization and Nutrition which ultimately reduces the expenditure burden on curative Healthcare.
  • Reduce Catastrophic Expenditure: In a country like India whose workforce is predominantly concentrated in the informal sector and devoid of social security net, there is more probability for incidence of catastrophic health expenditure on its population. Hence, significant public spending on health is necessary to reduce catastrophic health expenditure and incidence of poverty as a result of it.
  • Limitations of Private Participation:
    • Affordability: Since private institutions require heavy investment in infrastructure, advanced equipment and quality professionals, health services are not affordable. This causes heavy out-of-pocket expenditure by households, especially in secondary & tertiary care.
    • Issues in Private insurance: Adverse selection (asymmetric information between buyer and insurer) and moral hazard (reckless attitude of insured consumers), lead to higher pay-out by insurance companies. This cost is adjusted by increasing premium prices, which makes health insurance less attractive for the majority of Indians.
    • Issues with private participation in public-funded health protection schemes:
      • Supply-induced demand: When patients are protected under schemes like PMJAY, private hospitals can resort to over-prescription of medication, non-standardised tests, and a longer duration of therapy to generate additional revenue.
      • High cost of premium due to 18% GST burden.
      • Low-reimbursement tariffs set by the government deter genuine private hospitals to be part of such schemes.
    • Overpriced drugs: Private firms have invested heavily in R&D for new drugs, especially for secondary and tertiary care; hence, the price of patented drugs is passed on to consumers.

Conclusion: Private participation can only complement but can not replace public spending on Health to achieve the goal of Universal Health Coverage. ​​To move India towards UHC, the government, civil society, health-care providers, and communities need to work together.