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Meta Plans to shut down Fact-Checking Program

Context: Recently, Meta’s CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced phasing out fact-checkers in favour of crowdsourced “Community Notes”. Indian fact-checkers remain unsure of the consequences of Facebook parent Meta’s shift from professional to community-driven fact-checking.

Relevance of the Topic:Prelims: A basic idea about developments in Fact Check Ecosystem, especially in India. 

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Major Highlights:

  • Meta and Fact-Checking:
    • After the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, Meta (Facebook) roped in content moderators globally and developed technology to filter harmful content.
    • Meta started its independent fact-checking programme in partnership with the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) and the European Fact-Checking Standards Network (EFCSN). 
    • Fact-checkers worked on finding misinformation and rating them based on the seriousness of content violation, Meta followed up with action and informed users of the measures it took. 
  • Community Notes:
    • Meta will be moving towards an X-platform styled content moderation system called ‘Community Notes’. 
    • Under this model, instead of a centralised authority taking action against misinformation, users work together to add additional context that will appear under false or even blatantly illegal content.
  • Impact on Indian fact-checking media:
    • The announcement by Meta could significantly affect India’s media landscape (loss of revenue and jobs), where eleven organisations currently partner with Meta through its third-party fact-checking network (3PFCN), launched in December 2016.

Establishment of Fact Check Units in India: Development

1. Establishment of FCUs:

  • In 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEiTY) promulgated the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 (2023 Rules), which amended the Information Technology Rules, 2021.
    • The amendment allows the government to constitute a Fact Checking Unit (FCU) under IT Amendment Rules, 2023.
    • The amendment to Rule 3(1)(b)(v) of the IT Rules, 2021 expanded the general term “fake news” to include “government business”. 
  • Under the Amendment Rules, 2023, if the FCU comes across or is informed about any posts that are fake, false, or contain misleading facts pertaining to the business of the government, it would flag it to the social media intermediaries concerned.
  • Online intermediaries would then have to take down such content, if they wanted to retain their “safe harbour” protection under the IT Rules, 2000 (i.e., legal immunity with regard to third-party content published by them).

2. Concerns: 

  • Violation of Fundamental Rights: The Rules raised concerns over free speech and the extent to which the government can regulate it.
    • The amended Rule 3(1)(b)(v) was violative of:
      • Article 14 (equality before law)
      • Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression)
      • Article 19(1)(g) (right to practise a profession or trade) of the Constitution. 
    • The Rule curtailed the fundamental rights of citizens beyond the reasonable restrictions prescribed under Article 19(2), which was impermissible through the mode of delegated legislation.
  • Against the Principle of Natural Justice:
    • The FCUs allowed the government to be the “only arbiter” of truth in respect of business concerning itself. 
    • Assigning any unit of the government such arbitrary, overbroad powers to determine the authenticity of online content, bypasses the principles of natural justice, thus, making it an unconstitutional exercise. 
  • Fails the Proportionality Test:
    • The Rule could result in a “chilling effect” on the intermediary due to the “threat of losing safe harbour”, and also on the freedom of speech. 
    • These notified amendments in 2023 were also in gross violation of the Supreme Court ruling in Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2013) which laid down strict procedures for blocking content. 

3. Judicial Rulings wrt FCU: 

  • Indian law on fact-checking has been challenged in courts, at least as far as fact-checking with regard to the government is concerned.
    • Supreme Court Ruling, March 2024: The Supreme Court has stayed the notification of a fact-check unit of the Press Information Bureau from having the power to flag posts as misinformation and strip social media platforms’ safe harbour immunity.
    • FCUs are Unconstitutional- Bombay High Court judgement, Sep 2024: The Bombay High Court struck down the amended provision of the Information Technology (IT) Rules, 2021 which empowered the government to identify “fake news” on social media platforms through FCUs, citing it as unconstitutional. 

Gangasagar Mela

Context: The state government of West Bengal announced new initiatives to attract pilgrims to Gangasagar Mela. 

Relevance of the Topic:Prelims: Key facts about the Gangasagar Mela. 

Major Highlights:

  • The slew of initiatives announced by the state government include:
    • participation certificate for pilgrims participating in the annual pilgrimage.
    • e-Anushandhan (pilgrims can access facilities at the mela ground)
    • e-Parichay (QR code-enabled identity band) to prevent missing people in the mela crowd. 
  • The state government has been pushing for a “national mela” status for the Gangasagar Mela for several years.
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About Gangasagar Mela

  • Gangasagar Mela (Gangasagar Yatra) It is an annual religious festival held on Sagar Island in the state of West Bengal.
  • It is held at the confluence of the Ganga with the Bay of Bengal in West Bengal.
    • Travelling a distance of approximately 2,525 km from Gangotri (the originating place), Ganga ends her journey in Sagar Island where it merges with Bay of Bengal.
  • The festival typically starts a few days before Makar Sankranti and concludes shortly after.
    • Makar Sankranti is a highly auspicious occasion in Hinduism, marked by the transition of the Sun into the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makara Rashi). 
  • Rituals:
    • Devotees participate in rituals such as taking a holy dip in the Ganga, offering "Arghya" (water) to the Sun God and performing "Deepdan" (lighting lamps), seeking liberation (moksha) and spiritual upliftment.
    • It is considered the second-largest religious gathering in India, following the Kumbh Mela.
  • Religious significance: It is believed that a dip in the Ganga at Sagar Island during this auspicious time is equivalent to the merit of performing 100 Ashwamedha Yagnas (a grand Vedic ritual).

Historical mention of the Fair

  • Gangasagar is mentioned in the Mahabharata's Vana Parva, which provides proof of the existence of the pilgrimage site in 1500–2000 BC.
    • According to the Mahabharata, Kapilmuni - the progenitor of Samkhya philosophy, had an ashram at Gangasagara. 
  • Gangasagar pilgrimage is also mentioned in Raghuvaṃśa, a Sanskrit epic poem written by the great poet Kalidasa in the fifth century AD.
  • King Devapala of the Pala dynasty mentions in an inscription that he performed rituals at the confluence of the Gangasagar. 

India’s Diaspora: Significance and Challenges

Context: The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas was celebrated on January 9, 2025. India boasts the largest diaspora globally contributing significantly to their host and home countries. India needs to formulate a dynamic and comprehensive migration policy, aligned with national priorities. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: India’s Diaspora: Significance and Challenges.

Indian Diaspora

  • According to the UN World Migration Report 2024, India boasts the largest diaspora globally, nearly 18 million.
  • According to India’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as of May 2024, the total number of overseas Indians worldwide is approximately 35.42 million, which includes about 15.85 million non-resident Indians (NRIs) and nearly 19.57 million individuals of Indian origin (PIOs).
  • The United States is home to the largest Indian population in the world (totalling 5.4 million people), followed by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 
  • Indian immigrants have made significant contributions across various sectors, with over 20 CEOs of Indian origin leading Fortune 500 companies as of 2024.
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Significance of the Indian Diaspora

1. Political significance:

  • Pressure group:  Diasporas often mobilise networks and resources to support a certain cause in either their homeland or their host countries. E.g., lobbying for favorable visa policies and the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal.
  • Political position: Many people of Indian origin hold top political positions in foreign countries. E.g., Kamala Harris- USA Vice President. 

2. Economic significance:

  • Remittance: India received remittance of $129 billion in 2024, the highest in the world. 
  • Tackle disguised unemployment: Migration of semi-skilled labour has brought down the disguised unemployment. 
  • Rich source of FDI: FDI from diaspora is strongly influenced by diaspora’s affinity for their culture in the homeland.
  • Transfer of tech and innovation: Indian IT sector is an example of a brain gain effect. The diaspora was instrumental in bringing skills, human and social capital, and networks needed to grow the sector in India.
  • Facilitated trade agreements: Globalisation and strong diaspora communities have facilitated increased stipulation of preferential international trade agreements.

3. Foreign Policy: 

  • Institutionalisation of Diaspora-diplomacy is indicative of prominence of the role played by diaspora in foreign policy formulation. Thus, they act as an instrument of Soft-power and meet the limitations of hard-power. E.g., Senate India Caucus i.e., is a bipartisan coalition that promotes relations between the US and India.
  • Act as a bridge between India and their host countries facilitating trade, investment, and cultural exchange. 

4. Cultural significance:

Spread of Indian culture and tradition- Yoga, Ayurveda, Indian cuisine etc. increases India’s soft-power. 

Challenges faced by Indian Diaspora: 

  • Brain Drain causes India loss of talent in the areas of research and development.
  • Heterogeneous Diaspora: Indian diaspora has different demands from the Indian government. E.g., Low-skilled laborers in Gulf countries seek welfare support while service professionals (in West) look for streamlined visa and taxation policies​. 
  • Issues arising out of Protectionism: Increase in incidences of hate crimes against Indian community and restrictive immigration policies (skilled Indian workers are viewed as taking native jobs). E.g., Denial of H-1B visas in the U.S.; attacks on Indians in Australia.  
  • Geopolitical Instabilities threaten the life and livelihood of the diaspora. E.g., Conflicts in regions like West Asia etc. 
  • Negative impacts: Some sections of India’s diaspora have indulged in negative campaigning and funding separatist groups in India such as Pro-Khalistan groups in Canada and Punjab.
  • Policy and Structural gaps:
    • Lack of dual citizenship provision in India’s constitution forces many of India's diaspora to quit India’s citizenship, despite wanting to be Indian citizens.
    • No clear policy on diaspora despite their socio-economic contributions to India’s development.
    • Lack of updated Database: Ministry of External Affairs does not have updated data on Indian diaspora, as registration with Indian Embassies is voluntary. In the absence of such a database, welfare schemes may not be implemented properly.
    • Emigration Management Bill, 2022 has been under consultation and vetting for a long time. It seeks to establish an emigration framework, liberalise clearances, and strengthen welfare for overseas migrants.
    • NRI Marriages: Increasing cases of women being deserted in NRI marriages. Registration of Marriage of Non-Resident Indian Bill, 2019 has not been enacted yet.
    • Complex grievance redressal mechanism: Several portals such as e-Migrate, and Centralised Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) are in place to resolve grievances of Indian nationals abroad. Multiple portals may delay grievance resolution due to duplication of work.
  • Selective engagement: Exclusion of large sections of low-skilled and less wealthy diaspora from forums such as Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas etc.
  • Challenges to Philanthropy: Despite the eagerness of PIOs/OCIs to donate generously, they face challenges such as FCRA, bureaucratic compliance and even hostilities, frustrating their efforts to contribute to the development of India.

Way Forward

  • Formulation of a clear diaspora policy (Emigration Management Act) to serve as a guiding principle for engagement with diaspora. It should emphasise on diaspora welfare, dual citizenship, and streamlined grievance mechanisms like CPGRAMS​.
  • Portal for self-registration of diaspora, which would reflect updated databases and allow the Ministry to effectively implement welfare schemes.
  • Diaspora Engagement: Events like Pravasi Bharatiya Divas should be more inclusive, ensuring representation from low-skilled and marginalised diaspora groups.
  • Comprehensive rehabilitation scheme in coordination with the concerned Ministries, departments, state governments, and stakeholders, to ensure livelihood security for workers, who lost their jobs or are unable to return to their place of employment.
  • Establish overseas One-Stop Centres to help distressed NRI women.
  • Negotiating Standard Labour Export Agreements with the host countries. Monitoring and supervision of our overseas workers by our Missions. Compulsory insurance schemes cover the risks faced by our overseas workers.
  • The government should consider setting up Special Economic Zones, exclusively for projects to be set up by NRIs/PIOs. Consider issuing special infrastructure bonds for attracting NRI/PIO investments, like the Israel Bonds.

The Indian diaspora is a robust asset contributing to India’s soft power and economic growth. India should formulate a new NRI policy, evacuation policy and foster good engagement to address their diverse challenges. 

Greenland: The island of US interest

Context: Recently, the U.S. President-elect Donald Trump said he would not rule out the use of military force to seize control of the Panama Canal and Greenland, as he declared U.S. control of both to be vital to American national security.

Relevance of the Topic:Prelims: Key facts about Greenland. 

About Greenland

  • Greenland is the world’s largest island with a population of 57,000. Almost 80% of it is covered by the ice cap and glaciers.
  • It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean on one side and the Arctic Ocean on the other. 
  • It is the location of the northernmost point of land in the world— Kaffeklubben Island.
  • The climate of Greenland is Arctic, modified only by the slight influence of the Gulf Stream in the south-west.
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Political situation in Greenland

  • The Arctic island is an autonomous territory controlled by Denmark. The citizens of Greenland are European Union citizens.
    • It was colonised by the Danes in the 18th century and has been associated with Europe. 
    • Geographically, it is part of the North American continent and closer to the U.S. than Denmark.
  • Most of Greenland’s foreign, monetary and military policies are dictated by Denmark. Greenland has a Parliament which deals with domestic affairs such as business taxes, immigration, and mining. 
  • The calls for complete independence from Denmark have been rising in the island, especially after the contraceptive scandal between the 1960s and 1990s came to light.
    • Almost 4,500 Inuit women (the indigenous people of Greenland) were forced to wear a contraceptive coil without their consent. 
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Significance of Greenland

1. Global aspirations:

  • New Shipping Routes: 
    • Due to climate change and global warming, glaciers and ice sheets in the Arctic Sea are melting, leading to potentially new shipping routes, which could greatly enhance trade.
    • Russia and China have already agreed to develop new trading routes in the Arctic waters. The countries have developed a subcommittee for cooperation on the northern sea route, which spans 5,600 km from the Barents Sea near Scandinavia to the Bering Strait near Alaska. 
  • Critical Minerals: 
    • The island is also rich in minerals. As per a 2025 survey, 25 of 34 critical raw materials, which are used in EVs and batteries, were found in Greenland. 
    • The melting of almost 28,000 square km of Greenland’s ice sheets makes drilling for oil, gas and other critical raw materials easier. 
    • Greenland has not given out certain mining leases since 2021, fearing the possible environmental and ecological harms to the region.

2. U.S. aspirations in Greenland:

  • Historic:
    • During the Second World War, the U.S. briefly occupied the region and defended it, when Denmark was under siege by Nazi Germany.
      • Noting the region’s geopolitical importance, the U.S. in 1946, after the War, had offered to buy it from Denmark. 
      • Denmark rejected the offer and ever since Greenland has been a part of the Danish realm with home rule granted to the island in 1979. 
  • Contemporary: 
    • Greenland is important for the U.S. security. The U.S. runs and operates an air base on the island. 
    • With the threat of Russia-China cooperation in the region, annexing Greenland could give the U.S. significant control over the area, letting it decide who gets to run and operate in these strategic waters.
  • Concerns:
    • Trump’s calls to buy/annex Greenland breaks the first and fundamental rule of the UN Charter: recognising the sovereignty of nations. 
    • With respect to Greenland, the U.S. is going against the NATO agreement as well.
    • Further, Arctic waters are a global common under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). 

Read more: Panama Canal 

What is Pink Fire Retardant used against California Wild Fire?

Context: Pink retardants are being used to contain Los Angeles and Southern California wildfires, with thousands of gallons of it being dropped using the planes. 

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Pink Fire Retardant. 

What is the pink fire retardant?

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  • Fire retardant is a mix of chemicals used to extinguish or slow down the spread of fires. There are different types of fire retardants but Phos-Chek (a brand of fire retardant) is the most common in the United States. 
  • Phos-Chek is a mix of water, fertilizer, and colour. Phos-Chek commonly contains two types of salt: diammonium phosphate ([NH4]2HPO4) and ammonium polyphosphate ((NH4PO3)n).
    • Salts such as ammonium polyphosphate do not evaporate easily like water and stay for longer.
    • The retardant is sprayed ahead of the fire to coat vegetation and prevent oxygen from allowing it to burn.
    • The reaction between the retardant and cellulose (in plants) consumes heat energy from the approaching fire and produces non-flammable carbon material.
  • Colour is usually added to the fire retardant to ensure that firefighters can see it against the landscape. This helps them create fire lines around the fire retardant, potentially saving lives and property.

What are the concerns?

  • A 2024 US found that Phos-Chek is laden with toxic metals.
    • Between 2009 and 2021, more than 400 tons of heavy metals were released into the environment from fire suppression. 
    • These toxic metals include chromium and cadmium which can cause cancer, and kidney and liver diseases in humans. 
    • Further, these metals can enter waterways (growing source of pollution for rivers and streams) and can kill aquatic life. 
  • The effectiveness of Phos-Chek also remains unclear. Aerial retardant is effective over a narrow range of conditions (dependent on slope, fuel type, terrain and weather). The windows of opportunity for these conditions are narrowing each year due to climate change.

Cause of the devastating wild fires

  • Southern California (the site of the fires) has been experiencing drought conditions and has not seen significant rainfall for months. 
  • The dry conditions are aided by the Santa Ana winds (dry and hot winds common in the area) which most likely caused the wildfires.
  • Further, climate change has contributed to an increase in the frequency, season length and burned area of wildfires. 

Read more:Santa Ana winds drive Wildfire 

What are the Applications of Bacteria?

Context: The researchers at IIT-Bombay have identified two genera of bacteria, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, that have great potential in agriculture.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Applications of Bacteria. 

Major Highlights

1. Bacteria can breakdown aromatic compounds:

  • Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter groups of bacteria can break harmful aromatic (or ring-shaped) compounds that enter the soil through insecticides, herbicides and industrial effluents into useful nutrients for plants.
    • Aromatic compounds like naphthalene, benzoate and phthalates are used to make cosmetics, textiles, food preservatives and pesticides.
    • When these compounds enter the soil, they hinder seed germination, inhibit plant growth and bioaccumulate. 
  • In the process, the bacteria release nutrients useful to plants, such as, Phosphorus, Potassium, growth hormone indoleacetic acid etc. 
  • Significance: Two genera of bacteria can co-exist; which can be utilised to make biofertilizer-cum-biocontrol formulations.

2. Bacterial enzymes to degrade plasticizers: 

  • Recently, researchers from IIT Roorkee have successfully used an enzyme — esterase enzyme — produced by soil bacteria Sulfobacillus acidophilus to break down diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) plasticizer into water and carbon-dioxide. 
    • Plasticizers are chemicals added to plastics and personal care products to enhance flexibility and shine, and are commonly found in items such as baby toys, shampoos, soaps, and food containers. 
    • Plasticizers can be absorbed through the skin and are carcinogenic in nature.
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What are Bacteria?

  • Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
  • Bacteria inhabit the air, soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust.
  • Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals.
  • Several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, tuberculosis, tetanus, bubonic plague etc. 
  • However, many types of bacteria can also be beneficial to humans. 

Beneficial use cases of Bacteria:

S. No. Bacteria (species/class)Uses 
 Rhizobium Form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use, promoting soil fertility.
 Mycorrhizal Form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, aiding in nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus. 
 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that can convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.Fourth generation biofuels envisage using genetically modified organisms like algae and cyanobacteria for biofuel production. 
 Lactobacillus Fermentation of various food products, including curd, cheese. Contribute to preservation of food and development of distinct flavours and textures.When consumed as probiotics, they contribute to the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome. 
 E. ColiUsed as a host organism in genetic engineering to produce various proteins, enzymes, and other products, like insulin, growth hormones etc. 
 Activated Sludge BacteriaAnaerobic bacteria, such as Methanogens, are employed in anaerobic digestion processes. They break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) as a byproduct. 
 Pseudomonas Ability to break down a wide range of pollutants, including hydrocarbons and toxic chemicals. Used in bioremediation processes to clean up contaminated environments.
 Cellulolytic bacteriaSome bacteria are capable of breaking down cellulose (complex carbohydrates found in plant cell walls) which is fermented to produce bioethanol and other biofuels. 
Bacterial vectors as Gene Therapy ProductsBacteria can be modified to prevent them from causing infectious disease and then used as vectors (vehicles) to carry therapeutic genes into human tissues.

What is Climate Smart Agriculture?

Context: Natural farming is one of the key strategies to reduce input costs and the government is promoting this practice to encourage farmers to move to chemical-free agriculture as part of efforts to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change.

Relevance of the Topic:Mains: Climate-smart Agriculture- Need, Benefits, Strategies, Initiatives, Way Forward

About Climate Smart Agriculture

  • Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach that helps guide actions to transform agri-food systems towards green and climate resilient practices. 
  • Objectives: CSA aims to tackle three main objectives:
    • sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes; 
    • adapting and building resilience to climate change; 
    • reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions, where possible.
  • CSA supports the FAO Strategic Framework 2022-2031 based on the Four Betters:
    • better production
    • better nutrition
    • better environment 
    • better life for all, leaving no one behind. 
  • What constitutes a CSA practice is context-specific, depending on local socio-economic, environmental and climate change factors. 
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Dimensions of Climate Smart Agriculture

  • Water-smart: Access to water for production, including:-
    • increasing the soil’s capacity to absorb and store moisture (green water)
    • rainwater harvesting and storage
    • wastewater reuse
    • supplementary small-scale irrigation.
  • Weather-smart:
    • Growing crops based on agro-ecological conditions
    • Use science and technology for creating climate resilient crops and seeds. 
    • Example: Drought resistant crops.
  • Energy-smart:
  • Carbon-smart practices:
    • Reduced or no-till farming practices help minimize soil disturbance, which can reduce the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil into the atmosphere.
    • Planting cover crops during periods when the main cash crop is not growing provides ground cover, prevents soil erosion, and enhances carbon sequestration.
    • Agroforestry and Organic farming practices, which avoid synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

Need for Climate Smart Agriculture

  • Ensuring food security: Agriculture production should be increased by 60% to meet the food demand. 
  • Reduce yield loss: In India, crop yield decline owing to climate change (between 2010 and 2039) could be as high as 9%.
  • Enhance resource efficiency: CSA activity like no-tillage is advantageous for fertilizer management and can boost yield, nutrient usage efficiency, and profitability while lowering GHG emissions.
  • Meet SDG: UN’s SDG aims to end hunger and enhance environmental management.
    • CSA helps in achieving these goals through sustainable agriculture and rural development.
  • Combat climate change: CSA promotes crop diversification, increases water efficiency, and integrates drought-resistant crop types, all of which help lessen the disruptive effects of climate change.
  • Meet international obligation: Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming by reducing GHG emissions is tied directly to the success of the CSA.
    • Agroforestry and carbon sequestration could help India meet its international obligations and contribute to the global fight against climate change.

Strategies to boost Climate-smart Agriculture

Govt. Initiatives to boost Climate Smart Agriculture: 

  • Cooperatives as a vital tool: Leveraging cooperatives in building climate-smart agriculture in rural India.
  • Role of NABARD: NABARD aims to build a more resilient and sustainable agricultural sector through:
    • data-driven solutions
    • new financial mechanisms, such as Agri Fund and the upcoming Carbon Fund
    • forming strategic partnerships with multilateral agencies and State governments
  • National Innovation on Climate Resilient Agriculture: aims to enhance resilience of Indian agriculture to climate change and climate vulnerability through strategic research and technology demonstration.
  • Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana: extending the coverage of irrigation (‘Har Khet ko pani’) and improving water use efficiency (‘More crop per drop’) in a focused manner.
  • Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana: aims at supporting and promoting organic farming, in turn resulting in improvement of soil health.
  • Biotech-KISAN:
    • a scientist-farmer partnership scheme that empowers farmers, especially women farmers for agriculture innovation. 
    • It aims to understand the problems of water, soil, seed and market faced by the farmers and provide simple solutions to them.
  • Climate Smart Village: It is an institutional approach to test, implement, modify and promote Climate smart agriculture locally and enhance farmers’ abilities to adapt to climate change.

Way Forward

  • Promote Agro-ecological Practices: Encourage the adoption of biodiversity-enhancing and soil-friendly agro-ecological techniques.
  • Develop Resilient Crop Varieties: Invest in research and dissemination of climate-resistant crop varieties.
  • Improve Water Use Efficiency: Implement water-efficient irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting.
  • Optimise Livestock Management: Promote climate-resilient livestock practices and breeding for heat tolerance.
  • Enhance Weather Forecasting: Provide farmers with accurate and timely weather information for better planning.
  • Implement Conservation Agriculture: Advocate minimal soil disturbance, cover cropping, and crop rotation for soil health.
  • Integrate Agroforestry: Combine trees with crops and livestock for biodiversity and climate resilience.
  • Community-Based Adaptation: Involve local communities in developing and implementing climate adaptation strategies and provide training to farmers.
  • Financial Incentives: Implement policies offering financial support and incentives to access affordable, sustainable agricultural technologies.
  • Tap into the potential of Cooperatives to boost climate resilient agriculture in rural India.

President’s invitation box includes South Indian Handicrafts

Context: Indian President’s invitation box for “At home” reception during Republic Day will include handicraft items from South India.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: GS-1 (Handicraft based questions)

Mains: GS-3 (Analytical question on scope, issues and suggestions for handicraft sector in India)

Major Highlights:

  • Every year the President of India hosts an ‘At Home’ reception on the eve of Republic Day at Rashtrapati Bhawan. 
  • Unlike traditional invitation card this year invitation includes a bamboo box along with various handicraft items which are GI tagged (Geographical Indicators) from various South Indian states:
    • Box decorated by Kalamkari Art of Andhra Pradesh
    • Pochampally Ikat from Telangana
    • Ganjifa Art from Mysore
    • Kanjivaram cloth pouch from Tamil Nadu
    • Etikoppaka dolls from Andhra Pradesh.
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Facts about mentioned Handicrafts:

1. Kalamkari Art (Andhra Pradesh):

  • Kalamkari is a traditional Indian art form involving hand-painting or block-printing on fabric, often cotton or silk. 
  • Originating in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, its name combines "kalam" (pen) and "kari" (work). Intricate designs depict mythology, nature, and folk tales, using natural dyes for vibrant, eco-friendly colors.
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2. Pochampally Ikat (Telangana):

  • Pochampally Ikat is a traditional handwoven textile from Telangana, India, known for its geometric patterns and vibrant colors. Artisans use a unique tie-and-dye technique on threads before weaving. 
  • Renowned for its precision and craftsmanship, Pochampally Ikat represents India’s rich heritage and is often crafted into sarees, dupattas, and home décor items.
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3. Ganjifa art (Mysore):

  • Ganjifa art is a traditional Indian craft involving hand-painted playing cards, popular during the Mughal and Deccan eras. 
  • Made from cloth or paper, the cards feature intricate designs depicting mythology, flora, and geometric patterns. 
  • Often circular or rectangular, Ganjifa cards are painted with natural pigments, showcasing India's rich artistic heritage.
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4. Kanjivaram (Tamil Nadu):

  • Kanjivaram, or Kanchipuram silk, is a luxurious handwoven silk fabric from Tamil Nadu, India. 
  • Renowned for its vibrant colors, intricate zari work, and durability, it is often used for traditional sarees. 
  • Crafted with pure mulberry silk and gold or silver threads, Kanjivaram symbolises elegance and is treasured for weddings and festive occasions.
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5. Etikoppaka dolls (Andhra Pradesh):

  • Etikoppaka dolls are traditional wooden toys crafted in Etikoppaka, a village in Andhra Pradesh, India. 
  • Made from softwood called "Ankudu," these eco-friendly toys are hand-carved and coated with natural, lacquer-based dyes. 
  • Known for their vibrant colors and smooth finish, Etikoppaka dolls showcase India's artisanal heritage and sustainable craftsmanship.
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Scope for Indian Handicrafts:

  • High global demands: Indian handicraft items are unique in their build, history and decorations, making them highly demanded in the global markets E.g., Madhubani print paintings and Jaipur’s blue pottery. 
  • Expansion of e-commerce: Online websites like Amazon are providing a marketplace for these handicrafts by facilitating both artisans and customers.
  • Tourism extension: Indian Tourism industry is seeking expansion with the rise in UNESCO heritage sites. These arts are promoted as tourism extensions.
  • Government schemes: Schemes like ‘One District One Product’ are promoting local handicrafts in both India and abroad. E.g.; Channapatna toys under ODOP receive government support.
  • Sustainability demand: The world is focusing on reducing solid waste and promoting biodegradable goods. Indian Handicrafts like Bamboo craft from Assam and Etikoppaka toys.

Challenges to Handicrafts in India:

  • Limited market integration: Local Artisans often fail to find an adequate marketplace for their goods. E.g., Traditional Bidriware artisans often rely on local markets, reducing profitability.
  • Competition from machine made clothes: Handicraft items like Kanjivaram and Pochampally Ikat face price competition from bulk made products from machines. Also, cheaper goods made of artificial fiber compete with handicraft goods.
  • Reducing artisans: Artisans are changing their professions due to low profitability of handicrafts creating a void in training of new artisans in the family. E.g., Gujarati Rogan art families are migrating to other professions.
  • Dependence on middleman: Artisans depend on the middle man due to the unregulated and fragmented market of goods making profession less attractive. E.g., Channapatna toy makers often receive a fraction of the retail price.
  • Environmental impact on the raw material of goods impacts the future of arts in a negative manner. E.g., Sandalwood used in many handicraft goods is facing the wrath of climate change.

Suggestions to boost handicrafts:

  • Fashion integration: The handicrafts need to be integrated with the fashion industry with help of NIFT centers. E.g., Banarasi silk sarees and Phulkari embroidery in designer collections.
  • Common market place: There should be a free of cost common market place for the traditional goods and handicrafts to facilitate artisans. E.g., Dilli Haat for regular showcasing of crafts such as Pashmina shawls and Madhubani paintings.
  • Promoting traditional learning with schemes like USTAAD to foster a new generation of artisans.
  • Branding and certification: Handicraft goods to be provided with branding of Geographical Indications to promote their value and artisans profitability.

Conclusion: Indian handicrafts embody cultural heritage and economic potential. Addressing challenges with financial aid, e-commerce, branding, and awareness can preserve traditions, empower artisans, and expand global recognition.

Chabahar port

Context: A meeting between India’s Foreign Secretary and Taliban ruled Afghanistan’s Foreign Minister discussed the resolution of security concerns in trade via Chabahar port of Iran.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Map based questions on Chabahar Port.

Mains: Analytical question based on opportunities and challenges in trade via Chabahar Port.

About Chabahar Port

  • Chabahar port is located on the Makran coast of Sistan and Baluchistan Province of Iran, at the Gulf of Oman's mouth. It is situated to the west of Iran's border with Pakistan.
  • It is Iran's first deepwater port and the only Iranian port with direct access to the Indian Ocean.
  • In May 2024, India signed a landmark 10-year agreement to operate the Chabahar Port in Iran. Under the agreement, India is to invest $120 million in the development of infrastructure in the Shahid Beheshti terminal at the port and extend a $250 million credit line to Iran.
image 111

Significance of Chabhar Port

  • Strategic location of the Port:
    • Sits at the mouth of Strait of Hormuz Area
    • Connects three regions: Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia.
    • Junction of shipping, oil trade routes
      • Estimated 17 billion barrels of crude oil passes this way daily. 
  • For Iran: Iran envisions Chabahar as a gateway to Central Asia, establishing a free trade zone and robust road and rail links between Chabahar and Central Asia. For Iran, it presents a potential shield against the impact of Western sanctions.
  • For India: Regional Connectivity: 
    • Alternative trade route:
      • It provides India with an alternative trade route, circumventing Pakistan's restrictions on land access for trade with Afghanistan and Central Asia.
      • The route can help connect India with energy-rich Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and other Central-Asian nations. 
      • This route is 40% shorter, 30% less expensive than the trade via Red Sea-Suez Canal-Mediterranean Sea route. 
    • Chabahar port also provides direct access to India's Farkhor Air Base in Tajikistan, contributing to enhanced regional connectivity.
  • Component of INSTC: Chabahar is also a pivotal component of the proposed International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a comprehensive transportation initiative connecting the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea through Iran. 
image 112
image 113

Security Concerns to Trade via Chabahar Port

  • Security Risk: Chabahar port is surrounded by the various conflicting regions which are under influence of terror groups like Taliban, ISIS, and Tehrik-e Taliban (of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtun region) leading to threats of terror attacks.
  • Narcotic crimes: Chabahar is at the Golden Crescent, drug trafficking and narcotic crime led violence leads to threats to trade.
  • Afghan-Pakistan nexus: Close ties of Pakistan’s ISI and Taliban makes Indian participation skeptical.
  • Geopolitical rivalries: Growing Chinese influence in Afghanistan creates a geopolitical environment unfavourable to India, diminishing its strategic influence in the region.
  • Radicalisation and ideological spillover: Taliban’s unclear policies on counter-terrorism could inspire radicalisation in the wider region, especially among vulnerable groups that can destabilise trade via Chabhar. 

Challenges in developing/utilising Chabhar Port

  • Strained US-Iran relationship, exacerbated by Iran's inclusion in the ‘axis of evil’ alongside Iraq and North Korea, compelled India to exercise caution in its dealings with Iran.
    • India's investment in the Chabahar–Zahedan railway was affected by US sanctions. 
    • Despite handling 2.1 million tons of cargo in 2015, sanctions impacted the port's expansion, leading to only 10% utilisation of its 8.5-million-ton capacity in 2019.
  • Obstacles to trade via Chabhahar: 
    • Logistical obstacles to trade, such as Iran’s delay in completing two railway lines – Chabahar-Zahedan and Rasht-Astara — which are necessary for moving cargo from the port and connecting to a planned International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
    • Iran’s lack of access to the SWIFT system of electronic international payments. Iran is also barred from conducting transactions in dollars.

Selection Process for Chief Election Commissioner

Context: The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023 was enacted in 2023. The appointment process of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) has undergone significant changes with the enactment of the Act. 

Traditionally, the senior-most Election Commissioner was appointed the next Chief Election Commissioner (CEC). 

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Appointment process of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC). 

Mains: Can be used as an example of Electoral Reforms. 

Constitutional Provisions

  • Article 324(2): 
    • Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of Election Commissioners, as the President may fix from time-to-time. 
    • Appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are made by the President, subject to the law enacted by the Parliament.
  • Dec 2023: The parliament enacted the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023. 

Key features of The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023:

  • Election Commission: Election Commission will consist of a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election Commissioners (ECs). The President will periodically fix the number of ECs.
  • Appointment Process: The Commission will be appointed by the President, upon the recommendation of the Selection Committee.
    • A Search Committee headed by the Minister of Law and Justice will suggest five names to the Selection Committee for appointment as Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners.
    • Selection Committee: Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners will be appointed by the President on the recommendation of a Selection Committee consisting of
      • Prime Minister (Chairperson).
      • Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha (or leader of the single largest opposition party).
      • Union Cabinet Minister appointed by Prime Minister.
    • The Selection Committee may also consider any other person than those included in the panel by the Search Committee.
  • Eligibility criteria:  The CEC and ECs must:
    • be persons of integrity, 
    • have knowledge and experience in the management and conduct of elections, and 
    • be or have been Secretary (or equivalent) to the government.
  • Term and reappointment:
    • Members of the Election Commission will hold office for six years, or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.  
    • Members of the Commission cannot be re-appointed.  
    • If an EC is appointed as a CEC, the overall period of the term may not be more than six years.
  • Salary and pension: The salary, allowances, and other conditions of service of the CEC and ECs will be equivalent to that of the Cabinet Secretary.
  • Removal: The CEC may be removed in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Supreme Court Judge. ECs may be removed only upon the recommendation of the CEC.

Key Issues

  • Potential government dominance: The selection process of the Election Commission may be dominated by the government, which has implications for its independence.
    • Even as the senior most Election Commissioner remains a potential candidate for the top post, Section 8 of the Act gives the selection committee the option of considering names from outside the Election Commission.
    • The new process may raise concerns regarding procedural fairness.
  • Eligibility limitations: CECs and ECs also perform quasi-judicial functions, limiting these posts to senior bureaucrats may exclude other suitable candidates.
  • Free and fair election is part of basic structure as per the ruling of Raj Narayan Case, which might be impacted.
  • Merely financial independence is not enough to ensure overall independence of the institution, there is a need for substantive/administrative independence.

Suggestions and Way Forward

  • The Law Commission had recommended to have a selection committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition and the Chief Justice of India to ensure a balanced appointment process.
  • Alternative Committee Structure: The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) suggested a committee including: Prime Minister + Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha + Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha + Speaker of Lok Sabha + Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.  

Way Forward: Dr. Ambedkar had warned that EC’s integrity can be compromised under the executive thumb, so it is of utmost importance to ensure that the appointment should not only be fair but also appear to be fair.

Use of Artificial Intelligence in Defence

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Detailed question on scope, and challenges regarding AI use in the Defence sector. 

AI and Defence Integration in India

  • India is at the nascent stage of integration of AI with military technology. One such example is the Indrajal drone defence system.
  • Institutional framework: India has launched an institutional framework for inducting AI with the military in 2022.
    • Defence Artificial Intelligence council chaired by the Defence Minister of India to to provide necessary guidance and structural support. 
    • Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA) has been created under the Chairmanship of Secretary Department of Defence Production (DDP) for enabling AI based processes in defence Organisations.
  • Listing priorities: In 2022, the government published a list of 75 priority projects related to using AI for defence; these focused on data processing and analysis, cyber security, simulation and autonomous systems, particularly drones.
  • AI embedded centers in armed forces: AI-application centres embedded in each of the three armed-service branches – at the Military College of Telecommunication Engineering, Mhow (Army), the INS Valsura (Navy) and Air Force Station Rajokri (Air Force).
image 100

Scope of AI in Defence sector

  • Autonomous systems: 
    • Defence: AI driven autonomous systems can aid armed forces in difficult operations and prevent casualties. E.g., Indrajaal system on drone defence is based on an autonomous AI system; AI-enabled Robot Sentries.
    • Offence: Can be used to conduct precision strikes and support armed forces in offence. E.g., AI-powered killer robots and Armed UAVs; AI-embedded guided missiles (determines target’s range and adjust flight patterns without human intervention).
    • Surveillance: AI-embedded radars, satellites, software-identification systems can aid in geospatial analysis, detection of illegal or suspicious activities and alerting authorities. E.g., Indian Army uses facial recognition system ‘Project Seeker’ for monitoring, surveillance, and garrison security.
  • Cyber-security: AI can be utilised to timely detect and launch a counter attack on cyber attack.
  • Data Analysis: Defence data is complex like intelligence data, enemy movement, previous trends and strategy analysis can be done effectively with use of AI.
  • Predictive maintenance: AI can be utilized for predicting the maintenance needs to prevent failure during crucial operations.
  • Simulations and training: AI can generate multiple and complex hypothetical situations to train soldiers and operatives for unpredictable threats.
image 101

Risks and Challenges Associated:

  • Security risks: AI based defence technologies are susceptible to hacking and cyber attacks leading to catastrophic results.
  • Ethical questions: AI based decision making in defence can cause collateral damage creating questions of accountability in case of unintended harm.
  • Interoperability issue: Integrating AI across diverse military platforms (aircraft, naval ships, ground vehicles) is complex. Existing systems might not be compatible, limiting its effectiveness.
  • Bias and poor data quality: AI systems rely on data for training, and if the data is biased or incomplete, AI models can produce flawed decisions. E.g., biased training data could lead AI inappropriately identifying enemy targets based on incomplete intelligence.
  • Legal issue: AI based operations lack the global consensus, as AI is not subjected to the Geneva convention, unlike traditional wars and conflicts.

Conclusion: AI in the military offers significant potential for enhancing capabilities, including autonomous systems and cybersecurity. However, it also faces challenges such as security risks, ethical concerns, and technical limitations. A balanced approach involving robust research, international cooperation, and ethical considerations will ensure that AI serves as a strategic asset for defense.

Relevance, Challenges and Way forward for the CAG

Context: A recent report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has flagged that over ₹33 crore was spent on the renovation of then Delhi Chief Minister's residence. The renovation, which began in 2020, included extravagant purchases and upgrades. 

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Comptroller and Auditor General: Key Facts.

Mains: Issues arising out of functioning of CAG.

Comptroller and Auditor General:

  • The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is the country’s supreme audit body and guardian of the public purse. He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. 
  • Article 148: CAG is appointed by the President of India. 
  • CAG holds office for a period of six years or up to the age of 65 years. He can resign any time by addressing the resignation to the president.
  • Independence of Office:
    • Security of tenure: Can be removed by the President only in accordance with the procedure mentioned in the Constitution. 
    • Administrative expenses of the office of CAG are charged upon Consolidated Fund of India. 
    • No minister can represent the CAG in Parliament (both Houses) and no minister can be called upon to take any responsibility for any actions done by him. 

Duties and Powers of CAG:

  • Audits the accounts related to all expenditure from:
    • Consolidated Fund of India, consolidated fund of each state and consolidated fund of each union territory having a Legislative Assembly.
    • Contingency Fund of India and contingency fund of each state
    • Public Account of India and public account of each state. 
  • He audits the receipts and expenditure of the Centre and each state.
    • CAG submits his audit reports to the President relating to the accounts of the Centre. The President places them before both the Houses of Parliament. 
    • CAG submits his audit reports relating to the accounts of a state to the governor, who shall place them before the state legislature. 
  • He audits the receipts and expenditure of:
    • All bodies and authorities substantially financed from the Central or state revenues
    • Government companies
    • Other corporations and bodies, when so required by related laws. 
  • He audits accounts of any other authority when requested by the President or Governor. E.g., audit of local bodies. 
  • Courts can also recommend CAG audits. E.g., the Supreme Court asked the CAG to conduct an audit of the Delhi-Noida Direct (DND) flyover project.

Various types of Audits CAG conducts:

  • The CAG submits three audit reports to the President:
    • audit report on appropriation accounts
    • audit report on finance accounts
    • audit report on public undertakings. 
  • The President lays these reports before both the Houses of Parliament. After this, the Public Accounts Committee examines the selected reports and seeks a response from the government. The PAC also asks the government to take action on the recommendations and submit an Action Taken Report. 
    • Appropriation accounts compare the actual expenditure with the expenditure sanctioned by the Parliament through the Appropriation Act.
    • Finance accounts show the annual receipts and disbursements of the Union government.

Emerging importance of office of CAG

  • Ensures transparency and accountability: Plays crucial role in democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and professional integrity in functioning of government.
  • Separation of powers: Helps in maintaining Separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with its legislative intentions.
  • Promotes good governance: Through its audit findings and recommendations, CAG promotes good governance practices and streamlines their operations.
  • Reduces inefficiency: By making the executive adhere to financial discipline.
  • Sustainable future: Cooperating with international agencies like UN for audit and performance of Sustainable Development Goals.
  • Handholding: Undertakes handholding and capacity building of state level auditors, local fund auditors in Audit planning, audit methodologies through technical guidance and support.
  • Annual reports: Publishing Annual Technical Inspection Reports on functioning of PRIs and ULBs.
  • Audit of Local Governments: To make an assessment how well the delivery of the services pertaining to devolved functions have reached the last mile.
  • Creating a pool of accountants: In collaboration with institute of Chartered Accountants of India, CAG is conducting online courses to create a pool of competent accountants for preparing urban and local government accounts.

Issues arising out of functioning of CAG

  • Selection and appointment: Constitution of India ensures the independence of office, but there is no laid down criteria for appointment. Conseqently, there is-
    • Executive monopoly over appointment: Cabinet Secretary prepares a shortlist which is submitted to finance minister who then submits it before the Prime Minister.
    • Conflict of Interest: CAG is an auditor to Government of India headed by PM, since executive has monopoly over the appointment, this creates a conflict of interest which dilutes accountability process.
    • Inter services conflict: Office is hijacked by the appointment of mostly IAS officers rather than IAAS officers.
  • Performance audit: There are apprehensions whether the office of CAG is equipped enough to carry out performance audits. Similarly, in Arun Kumar Agrawal v Union of India, the Supreme court has held that the CAG is not entitled to question the merits of policy objectives of the State government.
  • Secret service expenditure: Secret service expenditure is kept outside the purview of CAG; he cannot call for particulars of expenditure undertaken by such executive agencies.
  • Procedural issues:
    • Post facto analysis:  Its report is post facto in nature, it has only prospective value in improving systems and procedures for the future.
    • Lack of focused findings: Findings are not focused and are in form of scattered ‘observations’, this creates media hype, but micro level issues of departmental functioning are not addressed.
    • Systemic issues not addressed: Large number of problems are identified which are already known, but systemic issues in public organizations are not addressed.
    • Audit seen as a policing mechanism: Audit reports are not taken as a valuable input to management, rather seen as a policing mechanism.
    • Indifference from government: Poor response from government to external audits reduces its effectiveness.
  • Delayed presentation of reports: Article 151 provides for laying CAG reports in Parliament or state legislatures but no time limit is specified. This is why governments often do not lay CAG audit reports on time. This ultimately deprives the legislature of crucial information before the budget session.
  • Reduced output: Substantial reduction in the output by the CAG in terms of number of audit reports. In 2010-11 CAG prepared 221 reports but in 2018-19 it prepared only 73 audit reports.

Recommendations and way forward

  • Appointment:  Need to consider the best practices to add qualifications and bring transparency in appointment.
    • UK: CAG is jointly selected by Prime Minister and Chairman of the committee of Public Accounts and later ratified by the House of Commons.
    • USA: A commission advises the President with respect to the name and Comptroller General is appointed by the President on the consent of Senate.
    • Canada: Auditor general of Canada is appointed after consultation with the leader of every recognized party in the senate and House of Commons and approval of the appointment by resolution of the Senate and the House of Commons.
    • It is suggested that in India, recommendation should be done by a search committee comprising of Prime Minister, Home Minister, and Leader of Opposition.
  • Enlarging the Scope: Bringing Panchayati Raj Institutions, State funded societies under the ambit of CAG audit.
  • Powers and performance:
    • Empowered CAG like New Zealand: CAG in New Zealand has the power to ask for liability of the loss from the government and another party.
    • Amend CAG Act 1971:  Amend the CAG act 1971 to include pre audit of defense expenditure of more than 3000 Cr. Further, the State Auditor General should be given the status of Judge of High Court.
    • RTI like time limit: Auditors should be provided access to records on priority basis within a stipulated time of 7 days (like 30 days in RTI Act), failing which the heads of department should be required to explain the circumstances that caused the delay.

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