Security

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre empowered under PMLA

Context: Government has authorised Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) to receive and share information from Enforcement Directorate and other law enforcement agencies to combat money laundering linked to cybercrime.

Relevance of the Topic:Prelims: Key facts about Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre.

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre

I4C is a nodal agency established by the Ministry of Home Affairs to address cybercrime in a coordinated and comprehensive manner.
I4C works towards improving coordination among the Law Enforcement Agencies and the stakeholders and enhancing the nation’s collective capability to tackle cybercrimes.
I4C has partnered with Google and Facebook for sharing intelligence and signals for proactive identification and action on cyber criminals.
- Cyber fraudsters have been using digital platforms (like Google services platforms) for initiating organised investment crimes and the I4C has partnered with the Internet search giant to flag such content.
I4C has been added to the list of entities under the Section 66 of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA). The move is aimed at detecting money trails and combat money laundering linked to cybercrime.

Objectives of I4C

Facilitate easy filing cybercrime related complaints and identifying cybercrime trends and patterns.
Act as an early warning system for Law Enforcement Agencies for proactive cybercrime prevention and detection.
Strengthen the fight against cybercrime committed against women and children.
Awareness creation among the public about preventing cybercrime.
Assist States/UTs in capacity building of Police Officers, Public Prosecutors and Judicial Officers in the area of cyber forensic, investigation, cyber hygiene, cyber-criminology, etc.

India needs a Comprehensive AI Policy

Context: As of 2024, over 85 countries, including China, Canada, South Korea, European Union, African Union etc. have released National AI strategy documents for regulation of Artificial Intelligence. However India adopts a flexible - mission mode approach lacking a Comprehensive AI policy to address emerging challenges associated with AI.

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: India’s Current AI regulations- its challenges and the need of a comprehensive AI policy.

India’s Current Approach to AI Governance

AI's rapid growth poses profound ethical, legal, economic, and societal challenges, therefore the governance and regulation of AI have garnered significant global attention. India has adopted a mission-driven, flexible approach without formal legislative or strategic endorsement.

Absence of a National Strategy: India neither has an officially approved National AI Strategy document nor a law specifically regulating AI.
NITI Aayog document titled ‘National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence’ from 2018 remains a recommendation without formal endorsement from the Government of India or an implementation plan or budget.
Mission-based framework: Instead, India has focused its resources on a government mission (IndiaAI Mission) which focuses on Innovation, Skill development, Trustworthy, safe AI ecosystem and several initiatives, such as a foundational AI model.
Expert Advisory Committee: An advisory group of experts is currently working to develop recommendations for governance frameworks that could be suitable for India. But there is limited clarity regarding whether these recommendations will be adopted into official governance policies or integrated as internal mechanisms.

Analysis of India's Approach

India's current approach has many benefits like the flexibility to adapt plans in response to the evolving nature of technologies, their adoption, geopolitics, economics, trade, and citizen sentiments. However this approach leaves significant gaps:

It does not provide a comprehensive view of India’s vision, priorities, capacity, achievements, planned milestones, initiatives, or accountability mechanisms.
AI efforts lack institutional continuity or a constitutional mandate. Initiatives remain reactive and may or may not follow a planned trajectory towards the envisioned goals.
Crucial sectors such as healthcare, education, banking, and governance are deploying AI tools without public transparency regarding their functioning or impact.
Absence of public awareness, civic dialogue, and oversight mechanisms on issues like algorithmic fairness, data origins, or labour disruptions heightens the risk of societal harm.

This concern is further aggravated by past instances in India where AI-generated content on social media incited violence, underscoring the urgent need for ethical and accountable AI governance.

What can be India’s Approach?

Globally, countries have adopted varied models for AI and data governance.
- Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act 2023 represents a centralised, cross-sectoral model, similar to the EU’s GDPR and China’s PIPL, offering a strong foundation for future AI regulation.
- The U.S. follows a decentralised, sector-specific approach.
- China has enacted AI-specific laws for targeted technologies like generative AI and deep synthesis.
India could adopt any of these models or design a hybrid framework.

Also Read: Artificial Intelligence and its Regulation

India should aim to formulate a comprehensive AI policy that outlines a national vision, ethical guidelines, capacity-building strategies, governance mechanisms, and sectoral priorities. This would enable the government to pilot regulatory tools, initiate civic discourse and pave the way for formal legislation.

What is GPS Spoofing?

Context: Indian Air Force’s transport aircraft carrying relief materials to earthquake-hit Myanmar faced “GPS spoofing”. India sent relief materials to Myanmar in a C-130J aircraft and its pilots reported that the plane's GPS signal was tampered with, when it was in Myanmar’s airspace.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts related to GPS Spoofing.

GPS Spoofing

GPS (global positioning system) spoofing is a form of cyberattack that includes generating false GPS signals to mislead an aircraft, ships and vehicles. The false signals result in misleading the navigation equipment, posing a significant risk to the aircraft, ships etc.

How does GPS Spoofing work?

GPS spoofing exploits the inherent vulnerabilities in the GPS infrastructure – the weak signal strength of GPS satellites. GPS systems function by sending signals from satellites to GPS receivers on Earth. These receivers then calculate their position based on the time it takes for these signals to arrive.
However, due to the weak signal strength of the GPS satellites, these signals can be easily overwhelmed by fake signals, resulting in inaccurate location data on the receiving device.
The act of GPS spoofing typically involves using a signal generator or other sophisticated equipment to transmit counterfeit GPS signals that are stronger than the genuine satellite signals. These false signals, when picked up by a GPS receiver, can cause it to calculate an incorrect position or time.

Some entities that may carry out GPS spoofing :

Governments/military: defence, sensitive facility protection, tactical warfare, espionage etc.
Criminals/hackers: illegal activities, transportation or communication systems disruption, cargo theft, victim tracking, stalking.
Private organisations: location manipulation, competitive advantage, fraud etc.

Measures to prevent GPS Spoofing:

As a response to the increasing prevalence of GPS spoofing, various countermeasures are being developed to secure GPS-based systems, including signal strength monitoring, time-of-arrival analysis, and cryptographic authentication.
Furthermore, experts suggest the use of multiple satellite navigation systems to cross-verify and validate positioning data, thus minimising the risk of spoofing attacks.

Also Read: How Global Positioning System (GPS) work?

Vibrant Villages Programme Phase 2

Context: The Union Cabinet has approved the second phase of Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP-II), which envisages comprehensive development of select villages located along international borders.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Government Schemes- Vibrant Villages Programme.

About Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP)

Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2023.
Objectives:
- Comprehensive development of the select villages in 46 blocks in 19 districts in the northern border in Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and UT Ladakh.
- Improving the quality of life of people living in identified border villages and reverse the outmigration adding to improved security of the border.

Key Focus Areas:

Livelihood Generation:
- Skill development and entrepreneurship support.
- Promotion of agriculture, horticulture, medicinal plants and herbs.
- Establishment of cooperative societies to manage agriculture and allied activities
Tourism and Cultural Promotion:
- Development of tourism infrastructure, support for community-managed homestays.
- Organisation of local fairs and festivals. Encouragement of local cuisines and traditional crafts.
- Promotion of eco-tourism, agro-tourism, wellness, wildlife, spiritual and adventure tourism.
Infrastructure and Connectivity:
- Development of road connectivity, housing, village infrastructure.
- Access to renewable energy sources, television and telecom services.
Outcome-Oriented Approach: VVP has been conceived as an outcome oriented programme with outcome indicators at three levels- village, household & individual beneficiary.

Vibrant Villages Programme Phase 2 (VVP-II)

Type: Central Sector Scheme (100% Centre funding).
Aim: Comprehensive development of the villages located in the blocks abutting international land borders (ILBs), other than the northern border already covered under VVP-1.
Implementation:
- Total outlay: Rs. 6839 crores till the FY 2028-29.
- Programme shall be implemented in select strategic villages in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, J&K (UT), Ladakh (UT), Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Objectives:
- Create better living conditions and adequate livelihood opportunities to ensure prosperous and safe borders.
- Control trans-border crime.
- Assimilate border population with the nation and inculcate them as ‘eyes and ears of the border guarding forces’.

Key Focus Areas

VVP-II will provide funds for:
- Infrastructure development within the village or a cluster of villages.
- Value chain development (through cooperatives, SHGs, etc.)
- Border specific outreach activity.
- Education infrastructure like SMART classes.
- Development of tourism circuits.
- Works/projects to create diverse & sustainable livelihood opportunities in the border areas.
The interventions would be border-specific, state and village specific, based on Village Action Plans prepared in a collaborative approach.
All-weather road connectivity for these villages shall be undertaken under the already approved PMGSY-IV under the MoRD.

VVP-II along with VVP-I is a transformative initiative to make the border villages self-reliant and vibrant. It promotes inclusive development in difficult terrains and aligns with the vision of "Last Mile Delivery" and "Viksit Bharat by 2047".

Immigration and Foreigners Act 2025

Context: The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025, came into force on September 1, bringing in new rules for immigration and regulating matters concerning foreigners in India.
The President of India gave assent to the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025. The Act aims to consolidate and regulate all matters related to foreign nationals and immigration (entry, stay, and departure of foreigners in India).

Relevance of the Topic:Prelims: Key facts about Immigration and Foreigners Bill 2025.

Immigration and Foreigners Bill 2025

Aim: It seeks to regulate immigration, entry, and stay of foreigners in India.
It repeals the following Acts: (i) the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, (ii) the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, (iii) the Foreigners Act, 1946, and (iv) the Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000.
It classifies foreigners into six different categories: tourists, students, skilled workers, business visitors, refugees and asylum seekers, and illegal immigrants. The bill classifies visas based on the purpose of visit and the duration of stay.

Key Objectives of the Bill:

Digitisation of visa issuance, registration, and monitoring processes.
Comprehensive tracking of the movement of foreign nationals, particularly at land and sea borders.
Enhanced deterrents against illegal immigration and overstaying.
Simplification of visa procedures to facilitate easier travel and residence for tourists, students, business professionals, and skilled workers.

Key Highlights of the Bill: Immigration and Foreigners Bill 2025:

Foreign Nationals residing in India for more than 180 days must register digitally with the National Foreigners Registry. This new digital registry is intended to replace the current Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) system.
Any foreigner who enters any area in India without a valid passport, visa or other travel document shall be punishable with an imprisonment extending up to five years or with fine of to Rs 5 lakh rupees or with both.
Anyone found to be using a forged passport or visa for entering India or staying in or exiting from the country will be punishable with a jail term of up to seven years and a fine which could extend to Rs 10 lakh.
Overstaying, visa violations, or trespassing in restricted areas can get up to 3 years imprisonment and a fine up to ₹3 lakh.
Mandatory reporting of information about foreigners by hotels, universities, other educational institutions, hospitals and nursing homes to enable tracking of overstaying foreigners.
The central government is empowered to exert control over places that are frequented by any foreigner, and require the owner to close the premises, or refuse admission to all or a "specified class" of foreigners.
Power of Arrest: The Bill empowers police officers not below the rank of a Head Constable to arrest without warrant persons entering India without passports.

Establishment of National Immigration Authority (NIA):

The National Immigration Authority will be established as a statutory apex body responsible for immigration policy formulation and implementation.
Functions of NIA:
- Manage a centralised digital database of foreign nationals
- Coordinate with state-level authorities and law enforcement agencies
- Provide policy guidance on visa and border control protocols.

Integrated Immigration Management System (IIMS):

The bill mandates the development of an IIMS. It will employ biometric identification, AI-based monitoring tools, and inter-agency databases to track and manage the movement of foreign nationals.
It will be integrated with airport immigration counters, land border checkpoints, and registration offices, facilitating real-time verification and enhanced mobility control.

India's call for banning Sikhs for Justice (SFJ)

Context: Amid the Raisina Dialogue, India has demanded for the banning of the separatist Khalistani group Sikhs for Justice (SFJ), with the U.S. and New Zealand.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: SFJ group, Five Eyes Intelligence Network.

Mains: Role of diaspora-based separatist movements in India’s internal security.

Sikhs For Justice (SFJ) Group

Pro-Khalistan separatist organisation founded in 2007 by GS Pannun.
Headquarters: United States
It advocates for the creation of an independent Khalistan state carved out of India, through activities like "referendums" among the Sikh diaspora.
SFJ operates from Western Democracies like the U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
India sees SFJ’s activities as a threat to national security, and has been urging Western nations to act against the group.
India's State Police Forces and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) have registered over 120 cases against SFJ (for instigating violence, sabotage of railway operations, conspiracy with Pakistan’s ISI), since 2018 and 105 people have been arrested.

Challenges in banning SFJ Internationally

Legal barriers in Western democracies: Countries like New Zealand and Canada argue that peaceful advocacy for Khalistan does not constitute terrorism. In liberal democracies, lawful protests are part of protected speech, and thus prevents outright ban on SFJ.
Geopolitical constraints: The U.S. and Canada are investigating alleged Indian involvement in assassination plot against GS Pannun, and the killing of Canadian Khalistan activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar respectively. Diplomatic tensions make countries reluctant to align with India’s requests.
Five Eyes Intelligence Network’s Stand: Countries in the Five Eyes (U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, New Zealand) share intelligence but have not banned SFJ. A ban by one member may trigger others to follow, however, there is no consensus yet.

Five Eyes Intelligence Network:

Global intelligence-sharing alliance comprising the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand.
Originated during World War II as a partnership between the U.S. and U.K. to intercept and decode enemy communications during World War II.
Formalised in 1946 through the UK-USA Agreement, expanding later to include Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
It played a crucial role during the Cold War in tracking Soviet activities.

Potential Impact of Ban on SFJ

Ban on SFJ by key Western nations like the U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, would:
- lead to freezing of assets and funds
- travel restrictions on separatists leaders like GS Pannun
- criminal prosecution under anti-terror laws
- limit SFJ’s ability to organise events like referendums, reduce its propaganda reach among the Sikh diaspora.
If taken to the UN Security Council under Resolution 1373, it would impose global obligations on countries to act against the group under FATF guidelines, making it harder for SFJ to operate internationally.

SFJ’s activities pose a serious internal and external security threat to India. The ban of SFJ would depend on strong diplomatic efforts and coordination with host countries, given the legal complexities in Western democracies.

Unified Pension Scheme

Context: The Finance Ministry has introduced a one-time, one-way switch facility from the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) to the National Pension System (NPS).

From 1 April 2025, the government introduced the UPS as an option under the NPS for Central government employees. UPS will provide assured payouts to the employees.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS).

Key Features of the Unified Pension Scheme

Assured pension: 50% of the employee’s average basic pay drawn over the last 12 months before superannuation for a minimum qualifying service of 25 years.
Assured minimum pension: In the case of superannuation after a minimum 10 years of service, the UPS provides for an assured minimum pension of Rs 10,000 per month.
Assured family pension: Upon a retiree’s death, their immediate family would be eligible for 60% of the pension last drawn by the retiree.
Inflation Indexation: Pension amounts are adjusted for inflation using the All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (Dearness Relief).
Lumpsum payment at superannuation: Subscribers receive a lump sum payment upon retirement, supplementing their regular pension.
Contributory Scheme: Similar to the National Pension System (NPS), the scheme is funded by contributions from:
- Employees: 10% of their basic pay plus Dearness Allowance (DA).
- Government: 18.5%.

Eligibility Criteria:

The UPS is applicable to the following categories of Central Government employees:

Existing employees: Those in service as of April 1, 2025, and currently covered under NPS.
New recruits: Individuals joining Central Government services on or after April 1, 2025.
Retired employees: Employees who were under NPS and have superannuated, voluntarily retired, or retired under Fundamental Rules 56(j) on or before March 31, 2025.
In cases where the subscriber has passed away prior to opting for UPS, the legally wedded spouse is eligible.

Implementation Timeline:

The regulations for the operationalisation of UPS come into effect from April 1, 2025.

National Pension Scheme:

NPS was a market-linked contribution scheme introduced by the Central Government. NPS replaced the Old Pension Scheme on 1st January, 2004.
The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) regulates and administers NPS under the PFRDA Act, 2013.

Need for NPS:

OPS had a fundamental problem, i.e. it was unfunded, there was no corpus specifically for pension.
Over time, this led to the government’s pension liability to balloon to fiscally unhealthy levels. The pension liabilities of the Centre jumped from Rs 3,272 in 1990-91 to Rs 1,90,886 crore in 2020-21.

Working of NPS:

The NPS was different from OPS in two fundamental ways.
- It did away with an assured pension.
- It would be funded by the employee himself/ herself, along with a matching contribution by the government.
The defined contribution comprised 10% of the basic pay and dearness allowance by the employee, and the government’s contribution of 14%.
Individuals under NPS can choose from a range of schemes and pension fund managers as well as private companies to invest their money contributed to NPS.

Opposition to NPS:

Under the NPS, government employees received lower guaranteed returns and had to contribute to their pension, unlike the OPS where there were no employee contributions and higher guaranteed returns.
Amid ongoing calls for a return to the OPS, the union government established a committee in 2023 led by T V Somanathan. The recommendations of the committee have led to the introduction of the new Unified Pension Scheme (UPS).

Comparing various Pension Schemes

Feature	Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)	New Pension Scheme (NPS)	Old Pension Scheme (OPS)
Type of Scheme	Hybrid (Assured pension + contribution-based)	Contribution-based	Defined benefit (assured pension)
Applicability	Central govt. employees; State government has option to adopt	Central and state government employees (except armed forces)	Central and state government employees before April 1, 2004.
Pension Guarantee	Minimum pension guaranteed	No assured pension; depends on market returns	50% of last drawn salary as pension guaranteed
Employee Contribution	10% of salary; govt. contributes 18.5%.	10% of salary; 14% by the government for central employees.	No contribution from employees (fully funded by govt)
Inflation Adjustment	Yes (dearness relief linked to inflation index)	No guaranteed inflation adjustment	Yes (DA revisions based on inflation)
Withdrawal Options	Lumpsum + monthly pension	60% lumpsum, 40% annuity	No lumpsum withdrawal, only pension
Family Pension	60% of pension amount to dependents	Not guaranteed but depends on chosen annuity plan	50% of pension amount given as family pension

Baloch insurgents behind Pakistan Train Hijacking

Context: Insurgents of the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) stopped a long-distance train in Quetta region and took passengers hostage on March 11, 2025.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Location: Balochistan; Balochistan Liberation Army (Key Facts)

About Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA):

Who is the BLA?
- It is a Baloch ethnonationalist group advocating for an independent Balochistan.
- It has been banned in Pakistan (2006) and designated as a global terrorist organization by the U.S. (2019).
BLA’s role in the attack:
- The attack was led by BLA’s Majeed Brigade, a suicide squad (Fidayeen unit) active since 2011.
- Other specialised BLA units (STOS, Fatah Squad, and Zirab Units) were also involved.
- Earlier, it has carried out attacks on Pakistani establishments and projects, especially in Baluchistan region.
  - March 2024: Attack on a security complex near Gwadar port.
  - October 2024: Suicide bombing killed two Chinese nationals working on CPEC projects.

Brief background of the Baloch Insurgency

Economic and Political Issues:
- Balochistan is Pakistan’s largest but least developed province, rich in oil, gas, gold, and copper.
- Ethnic Baloch leaders accuse the Federal government (dominated by Punjab) of economic exploitation.
Historical Background:
- Post-Partition (1947-48):
  - Balochistan remained independent until March 1948 under a friendship treaty with Pakistan.
  - The Khan of Kalat initially resisted joining Pakistan but was pressured into signing the accession.
  - Many Baloch continued to support independence, leading to decades of insurgency.
Insurgency and its Impact:
- Tens of thousands have been killed in Baloch insurgencies over the years.
- Pakistan often accuses India of supporting Baloch insurgents, an allegation which India denies.
- Insurgents frequently target Chinese personnel & CPEC projects, fearing they would not benefit.

Nanoparticle-based Security Ink to thwart Counterfeiting

Context: Government and financial institutions take painstaking efforts to consolidate banknotes, cheques, and passports with a variety of security features to protect them from counterfeiting. Now, scientists from India have developed a Nanoparticle-based Security Ink that can make counterfeiters’ jobs harder.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Nanoparticles-based security ink.

Nanoparticle-based Security Ink

The scientists from Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai have developed a fluorescent security ink using nanoparticles that emit different colours under various light conditions.
Composition of the Security Ink:
- Base Material: Sr2BiF7 (Strontium Bismuth Fluoride)
- Dopant: Lanthanide ions (Erbium and Ytterbium)
- Binding agent: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ink.
- Manufactured using: Co-precipitation method.
Co-precipitation Method: Chemical process where all required metal salts are dissolved in a solvent and then precipitated by adding another agent. The desired precipitate is then separated.
Fluorescence Properties of the Ink:
- Under 365 nm Ultraviolet (UV) Light: Emits a blue glow.
- Under 395 nm UV Light: Emits a magenta glow.
- Under 980 nm Near-Infrared (NIR) Light: Emits an orange-red glow.
- Advantage:
  - The ink can overcome the limitations of current covert tags, which are security features usually visible only under UV light and can be easily duplicated.
  - This ink fluoresces under both UV and near-Infrared light, making it harder for counterfeiters to replicate.

Nanotechnology involves the manipulation and control of matter at the nanoscale, typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
Properties of Nanoparticles:
- Size: 1 to 100 nanometers. (1 nm = 10^-9metres)
- Unique Properties:
  - Enhanced interactions with light, leading to unique opto-electric properties. E.g., Quantum dots.
  - Increased chemical reactivity. E.g., Nanocatalysts.
  - Different response to magnetic fields (altered Magnetic behaviour).
These properties arise due to high surface area-to-volume ratio, exhibition of quantum effects at nanoscale, and interface interactions.

Advantages of the Developed Ink:

Multi-wavelength Fluorescence: Emits different colors under UV and NIR light.
High Security: Difficult to counterfeit due to multi-spectral response.
Low Cost: Made using readily available materials.
Durability: Stable under varying brightness, temperature, and humidity conditions.
Scalable Production: Simple manufacturing process allowing large-scale production.

Potential Applications:

Enhanced security features for currency notes.
More secure identification documents, like passports and government documents.
In product packaging for protection against counterfeit products.

The current method uses screen printing, unsuitable for currency printing. Researchers are aiming to modify the ink for offset printing to make it suitable for high-security applications.

What is Security Printing?

Definition: Security printing refers to the incorporation of various security features in printed materials to prevent counterfeiting.
Common Uses: Currency notes, cheques, passports, and branded products packaging.
Types of Security Features:
- Visible Features: Easily detectable by humans without special tools.
- Optically Variable Ink (OVI): Changes colour when viewed from different angles.
- Watermarks: Embedded symbols or designs visible when held against light.
- Holograms: Three-dimensional images with dynamic visual effects.
- Security Threads: Metallic threads embedded in paper.
- Raised Textures: Designs with a tangible texture detectable by touch.
- Machine-Detectable Features: Require specific devices to verify.
- Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): Chips embedded in passports for verification.
- Invisible Barcodes: Can be scanned to authenticate documents.
Digital Watermarks: Embedded digital codes detectable through scanners.

How AI can help deliver Justice

Context: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to impact crime and crime control, similar to how the internet transformed cybercrime in the past. The government of India has been pursuing the policy of SMART policing i.e. Strategic, Meticulous, Adaptable, Reliable, and Transparent policing.

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Criminal Justice Reform.

AI and Crime- The challenge

Generative AI and deep learning are reshaping cybercrime, making it easier for criminals to exploit text generation, voice cloning, and realistic image creation. The risks include:

Automation of Attacks: AI can automate phishing campaigns, creating highly convincing messages at scale. It also allows malware to adapt dynamically to evade real-time detection, making cyberattacks more efficient and difficult to counteract.
Deepfakes and synthetic media: AI-generated deepfakes can impersonate executives or public figures, facilitating high-value fraud such as business email compromise (BEC), extortion, and social manipulation.
Enhanced cyberattacks: AI algorithms optimise ransomware operations by identifying critical data or systems to encrypt for maximum leverage. Nation-state actors use AI for advanced cyber-espionage, bypassing traditional security measures.
Autonomous operations: AI agents can operate independently, identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities without human oversight. This could lead to complex objectives like hacking critical infrastructure.
Synthetic identities: AI enhances the creation of fake identities by combining personal information from various real people, enabling fraudsters to open financial accounts.
Disinformation operations: AI streamlines content generation and distribution for propaganda and disinformation campaigns, targeting vulnerable populations and accelerating societal polarisation.

AI as a tool for Criminal Justice Reform

AI in Police Administration:

Case supervision: AI can assist in case supervision, data collation, and reducing the administrative workload of district-level police officers.
Reduced administrative workload: The shift of police personnel from administrative to fieldwork (investigations, patrolling, traffic management) would improve public service.

AI and SMART Policing:

SMART Policing: Indian government’s SMART policing initiative (Strategic, Meticulous, Adaptable, Reliable, Transparent) aligns well with AI applications.
Data processing: AI’s ability to process large datasets (text, image, voice) ensures meticulous crime analysis and prevents evidence oversight.
Increased reliability: AI enhances reliability by reducing errors in decision-making and strengthens transparency in police operations.

AI in Judicial System:

Reduced backlog: Judicial backlog of over 50 million cases undermines public trust in justice delivery.
Legal research: AI-powered court transcription, automated document management, fraud detection, and legal research can enhance judicial efficiency.
Analyzing precedents: AI can assist judges in analysing precedents, drafting judgments, and supervising lower courts.

Suggestions and Way Forward

The new US government has launched a $100 billion Stargate AI initiative to advance AI capabilities. India should also form a task force to study and implement AI in the justice system.
AI rollout at police stations and courts as a pilot project along with personnel training can be initiated to assess the impact.

Concerns such as accuracy, data privacy, and bias mitigation must be addressed before AI is implemented in courts.

NSCN (I-M) calls upon Prime Minister to uphold 2015 Framework

Context: National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) has called upon the Prime Minister to uphold the 2015 framework agreement. In this context, let us understand the framework agreement, its key features, contentious issues and a way forward.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Key facts about 2015 Framework Agreement Between NSCN (I-M) and Government of India.

Mains: Naga issue: Internal security challenges & way forward.

About 2015 Framework Agreement between NSCN (I-M) and Government of India

The Framework Agreement (FA) was signed in 2015, between the Government of India and the National Socialist Council of Nagalim- Isak-Muivah (NSCN-I/M).
It was a significant step in resolving the decades-old Naga insurgency and moving towards a permanent peace settlement.

Key features of the Agreement:

Recognition of Naga identity: Indian government recognised the "unique history, culture, and position" of the Nagas.
Shared sovereignty: The agreement introduced the idea of shared sovereignty, meaning that Nagas would have a special political and administrative status while remaining within India.
Peaceful resolution through dialogue: The agreement was meant to lay the groundwork for a final peace settlement through further negotiations.
Autonomous Governance: As per the interpretation of NSCN (I-M) the agreement has allowed for a special autonomous arrangement for Nagas, with enhanced legislative, executive, and financial powers.
No immediate territorial change: While NSCN (I-M) sought integration of all Naga-inhabited areas (including parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur) into a unified "Nagalim," the agreement did not explicitly promise redrawing of state boundaries.

Contentious Issues

Separate flag and constitution: NSCN (I-M) insists that the agreement included provisions for a Naga flag and constitution, which the Indian government has not accepted.
Framework agreement as a stumbling block: The vague wording of the 2015 Framework Agreement (FA) has led to contrasting interpretations by NSCN (I-M) and the Indian government. NSCN (I-M) interprets "sharing sovereign power" as an acknowledgment of separate sovereignty, which the government does not accept.
Impact of Article 370 Abrogation (2019): Before August 5, 2019, Jammu & Kashmir had a separate constitution and flag, setting a precedent. After Article 370 was revoked, the Indian government hardened its stance, making it politically impossible to accept similar demands from NSCN (I-M).
Poor drafting of agreement: Agreement has been drafted vaguely, allowing both sides to interpret it differently.
Internal divisions among Naga groups: During former interlocutor R.N. Ravi’s tenure, smaller groups like the Naga National Political Groups (NNPGs) gained prominence. This strategy weakened NSCN (I-M) but also stalled the peace process, as NSCN (I-M) saw it as an attempt to divide Nagas.
No clear timeframe for final accord: Despite reinitiating talks, there is no clarity on a final agreement due to the unresolved flag and constitution issue.
Lack of Clarity: The full text of the Framework Agreement has never been made public, leading to differing interpretations.

Current Status

Stalemate: Since 2019, negotiations have been stuck, primarily over the issue of the separate flag and constitution.
NSCN (I-M) has demanded that the government honor the original spirit of the agreement.
No Final Settlement yet: Despite years of talks, a comprehensive peace accord is yet to be signed. There has not been a full-time interlocutor for the negotiations since 2021.

Read More: NAGA Issue

Way Forward

Inclusion of all factions: A comprehensive accord cannot be achieved without the participation of NSCN (I-M) and other armed factions. The government must engage with all stakeholders, including Naga National Political Groups (NNPGs), to ensure inclusivity.
Political & Administrative Autonomy: Establishing a bicameral Assembly for Nagaland, with nominated members representing different Naga tribes. Granting greater legislative and financial autonomy to the Naga Assembly.
Integration of Naga cadres: Absorbing NSCN (I-M) cadres into local armed forces or Indian paramilitary units to prevent the resurgence of insurgency. The government can also provide a structured rehabilitation package to integrate former militants into mainstream society.
Autonomous Councils for Naga areas in neighboring states: Setting up autonomous councils for Naga-dominated regions in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur. These councils should have powers similar to those under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
Cultural & Symbolic Recognition: Promoting Naga identity through cultural institutions, local governance models, and linguistic rights.
Trust-building measures: The government should appoint a dedicated full-time interlocutor to facilitate smooth negotiations. Confidence-building measures, such as greater economic investments, infrastructure development, and cultural exchanges, to reinforce peace efforts.
Timeline for final accord: A clear roadmap with deadlines for the final agreement to ensure transparency and commitment from both sides.

Article 371 A of the Indian Constitution:

It is to be noted that Article 371 A of the Constitution of India makes some special provisions for the State of Nagaland:

The Acts of Parliament relating to the following matters would not apply to Nagaland unless the State Legislative Assembly so decides:

Religious or social practices of the Nagas.
Naga customary law and procedure.
Administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law; and
Ownership and transfer of land and its resources.

The Governor of Nagaland shall have special responsibility for law and order in the state so long as internal disturbances caused by the hostile Nagas continue. In the discharge of this responsibility, the Governor, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercises his individual judgement and his decision is final. This special responsibility of the Governor shall cease when the President so directs.
The Governor has to ensure that the money provided by the Central Government for any specific purpose is included in the demand for a grant relating to that purpose, and not in any other demand moved in the State Legislative Assembly.
A regional council consisting of 35 members should be established for the Tuensang district of the state. The Governor should make rules for the composition of the council, manner of choosing its members, their qualifications, term, salaries, and allowances; the procedure and conduct of business of the council; the appointment of officers and staff of the council and their ser- vice conditions; and any other matter relating to the constitution and proper functioning of the council.

India's VSHORADS Missile System

Context: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted three successive flight-trials of the Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) from Chandipur off the coast of Odisha.

During all the three flight-tests, the missiles intercepted and completely destroyed the high-speed targets flying at very low altitude.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Very Short-Range Air Defence System; MANPADS

About VSHORADS Missile System:

Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS)

VSHORADS (Very Short-Range Air Defence System) is a fourth generation technically-advanced miniaturised Man Portable Air Defence System (MANPAD).

Indigenously developed by: DRDO’s Hyderabad-based premier facility Research Centre Imarat (RCI), in collaboration with other DRDO laboratories.

Key Features

Range:
- Interception Range: up to 6 kms
- Limiting altitude of effective target destruction: 3.5 km
Maximum speed: Mach 1.5
The missile is propelled by a dual-thrust solid motor that incorporates many technologies including:
- dual-band Imaging Infra-Red Seeker
- miniaturised Reaction Control System (to increase mid-air manoeuvrability)
- integrated avionics.
The design focuses on portability and ease of control.

Utility

Can neutralise low altitude aerial threats like drones and high-speed targets at short range.
Hit-to-kill capability in various target engagement scenarios covering approaching, receding and crossing modes.

Significance

Being man-portable and lightweight compared to the other missile systems, it can be deployed quickly in rugged and hilly terrain and maritime domain.
The Air Defence weapon system has the capability to meet the needs of all the three branches of the armed forces — Indian Army, Navy and Air Force.
It marks a pivotal shift in India's air defence strategy, aimed at replacing aging systems like the Igla missile system acquired in 1980s, which is not well suited for evolving modern threats.
Underscores India's commitment to self-reliance in defence technology and manufacturing.

What are MANPADS?

Man Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS) are short-range, lightweight and portable surface-to-air missiles.
They can be fired by individuals or small groups to destroy aircraft or helicopters.
They are fitted with infrared (IR) seekers that identify and target the airborne vehicle through heat radiation being emitted by the latter.
They have ‘fire and forget’ guidance systems i.e., the operator is not required to guide the missile to its target, enabling them to run and relocate immediately after firing.
They shield troops from aerial attacks and are most effective in targeting low-flying aircraft.

Also Read: Igla-S air defence system