The Indian Express

NITI Aayog flags National Security Risks with Quantum Technology

Context: NITI Aayog has recently highlighted that countries with Quantum capabilities secure an unprecedented strategic edge over other countries, which can jeopardise National Security, Economic Competitiveness and Technological Leadership. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Risks posed by Quantum Technology. 

Key Risks Highlighted by NITI Aayog

  • Security Threats: Quantum Computers can break public-key encryption algorithms. This poses a significant threat to the security and privacy of sensitive data/ confidential data, including:
    • Sensitive government information
    • Military Technology 
    • Financial Data
    • Medical Records
    • Intellectual Property and Trade Secrets
    • Communications and Social Media 
  • Fund Constraints: Indian quantum computing R&D Ecosystem struggles with funds for product development and scaling due to low venture capital investment.
    • India’s Rs 6,000 crore translates to about USD 0.75 billion over five years. 
    • This is very less compared to China (USD 15 billion), United Kingdom (USD 4.3 billion), the United States (USD 3.75 billion), Germany (USD 3.3 billion) etc.
  • Supply-Chain Vulnerabilities:
    • India relies primarily on import of technological components required for quantum computing, like Arbitrary Waveform Generators (AWGs), Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs), Microwave Components, specialised lasers, and cryogenic dilution refrigerators. 
    • As quantum technologies become critical to national security, export restrictions are tightening on such key technologies.
  • Increase Disparity: Development and adoption of quantum technology requires enormous investment and resources. This may exacerbate the already existing economic, technological and security divide between developed and developing/ underdeveloped nations. 

Post-Quantum Cryptography

  • To mitigate risks to National Security from quantum technologies, India needs to develop a post-quantum cryptography (PQC) transition plan. 
  • PQC refers to the development of cryptographic algorithms (for classical computers) to enable classical computers to withstand potential attacks from quantum computers, and thus ensure improved data security.

Also Read: India’s Quantum Future

India needs to assess vulnerabilities and adopt post-quantum cryptography and forge bilateral partnerships for technology access. India plans to invest $750 million (Rs 6,003 crore) in developing quantum technology, through the National Quantum Mission (NQM) launched in 2023. 

ISRO conducts crucial test for Semi-Cryogenic Engine

Context: Recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully conducted the hot test on a semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000). 

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key Facts about Semi-cryogenic Engine; Cryogenic Engine.

Hot Test (PHTA) on Semi-cryogenic Engine

  • ISRO is developing a semi-cryogenic engine that uses a Liquid Oxygen and Kerosene-based propulsion system that offers an enhanced thrust of 2,000 kiloNewton (kN).
    • Power Head Test Article (PHTA) is the first hardware test for the development of semi-cryogenic engines.
    • The test involves performing a hot-firing for an extremely brief duration of not more than 4.5 seconds.
    • PHTA is done to validate the integrated performance of some of the engine’s critical subsystems, such as the gas generator, turbo pumps, pre-burner and control components.
  • The success of the test brings ISRO a step closer towards enhancing the payload capability of LVM3 and for future launch vehicles.
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Propulsion System: 

  • The propulsion system gives the rocket power to lift off from the Earth, across the dense atmosphere and later reach its destination. 
  • The selection of an appropriate propellant system is based on the thrust required, reusability, cost and core competency. 
  • ISRO has been using environment-friendly and green propellants like Liquid Oxygen (LOX), Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) and LOX-kerosene-based propulsion systems.

Advantage of Semi-cryogenic Engine over Cryogenic Engine: 

  • The cryogenic engine uses liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
    • Handling liquid hydrogen is challenging, given that it needs to be stored at minus 253 degrees Celsius and it is highly inflammable. 
  • A semi-cryogenic engine uses a liquid oxygen – kerosene combination, where kerosene is readily storable.
    • This combination offers advantages like high-density impulse (with respect to cryogenic engines), is less toxic (with respect to fuel storage) and is cost-effective.

Upcoming Developments by ISRO: 

  • Upgradation of LVM3: ISRO is working towards improving the performance of Launch Vehicle Mk III (LVM3).
    • LVM3 will be equipped with the C32 cryogenic upper stage for many of its future space missions.
      • C32 is an upgraded version of the C25 stage currently used in LVM3.
      • With C32 in the upper stage, the payload capacity (carriage) will increase by 25%. 
    • ISRO is working to increase LVM3’s launch capacity from 4 tonnes to 5.1 tonnes at Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit, without increasing the cost. 

Also Read: ISRO’s Satellite Launch Vehicles 

  • Development of NGLV: 
    • Next Generation Launch Vehicle is a new generation, human-rated launch vehicle, offering both high payload capability and reusability. 
    • With a reusable first stage, it offers a maximum payload capability of 30 tons to the Low Earth Orbit.
    • The first and second stages will use LOX engines and the upper stage will be a cryogenic stage. 

Also Read: ISRO’s Next Generation Launch Vehicle 

NASA’s PUNCH Mission

Context: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is set to launch its latest solar mission PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California on March 6, 2025.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key Facts about NASA’s PUNCH Mission; Solar Cycle; Terms related to Sun.

PUNCH Mission

  • PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) is a solar mission that will study the solar corona (the outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere). 
  • Initiative of: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • Aim: To better understand the solar atmosphere and solar wind.
  • Launched using: Falcon-9 rocket from California, the US. 

Key Features: 

  • PUNCH consists of Four identical suitcase-sized satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) that will continuously image the Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere) and provide origins of solar flares, etc.
  • It is the first mission that uses polarisation of light to study the Sun's corona in 3D. 
    • When particles (such as electrons) scatter sunlight, the waves of light become aligned in a particular direction (this is polarized light). 
    • PUNCH will measure the light using polarising filters similar to polarising sunglasses, allowing scientists to make a 3D map of features PUNCH sees throughout the corona and inner solar system. 

Polarisation of Light

  • Light travels in the form of transverse electromagnetic waves. The light emitted by sources like the sun, bulb, candle etc. has vibrations in several planes (oscillates in all directions), and it is called unpolarised light.
  • Polarisation is the phenomenon of restricting the vibration of light waves to one specific direction/plane. E.g., Polarised sunglasses have a special filter that allows only light with a specific polarisation direction to pass through, which helps to reduce glare and improve visibility by blocking unwanted polarisations.
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Recent Solar Missions

  • PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) is the third major solar mission to be launched in the past 18 months. Since September 2023, two solar missions have been launched. These are:

1. Aditya L1 (India):

  • Launched in September 2023. 
  • Initiative of: Indian Space Research Organisation
  • Location: Lagrange point 1 (located at a distance of about 1.5 million km from the Earth).
  • India’s first solar mission. It is designed to study solar flares and solar winds, measure low-intensity magnetic fields and solar soft X-ray flux, etc.

Read More: Aditya L1 Mission  

2. Proba-3 (European Space Agency): 

  • Launched in December, 2024. 
  • Initiative of: European Space Agency
  • Launched by: Indian Space Research Organisation.
  • Proba-3 aims to study the Sun's corona (the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere) and solar winds.

Read More: Proba-3 Mission  

What is the Solar Cycle?

  • Solar cycle is the cycle that the Sun’s magnetic field goes through approximately every 11 years.
    • Every 11 years or so, the Sun's magnetic field completely flips, i.e., the Sun's North and South poles switch places. 
    • Then, after another 11 years, the Sun’s north and south poles flip back again. This periodic change is known as the solar cycle.
  • The solar cycle affects activity on the surface of the Sun, such as sunspots which are caused by the Sun's magnetic fields.
    • Solar Minimum: Beginning of a solar cycle when the Sun has the least sunspots. Over time, solar activity and the number of sunspots increases. 
    • Solar Maximum: Middle of the solar cycle when the Sun has the most sunspots. As the cycle ends, it fades back to the solar minimum and then a new cycle begins. 
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Why do space agencies want to make the most of Solar Maximum?

  • According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NASA, the Sun has entered the solar maximum phase around October 2024, which could continue for another year.
  • Solar maximum is the best possible window available for physicists to both launch and observe the sun, as the solar activities peak during this period. Giant eruptions on the Sun, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections increase during the solar maximum. 
  • The next possible intense solar activity will be around 2035-2036.
image 27

Key Terminology related to Sun

TermsDescription
Solar Magnetic Field Complex magnetic field that exists due to the constant movement of electrically charged particles within the Sun (in its interior).
Solar WindContinuous flow of charged particles from the Sun. Created by the outward expansion of plasma from the Sun’s surface (plasma is continually heated to the point that the Sun’s gravity cannot hold it further). It travels along the Sun’s magnetic field lines.  
Sunspots Temporary spots (small, dark and cooler areas) on the Sun’s Photosphere, where magnetic fields are particularly strong. Solar flares tend to originate from regions that contain sunspots. The number of sunspots can indicate the likelihood of solar flare eruption.
Solar Flares Sudden and intense burst of solar energy from the Solar atmosphere. It is caused by the release of magnetic energy stored in the Solar atmosphere. The energy is released in the form of light/radiation and high energy charged particles. 
Coronal Mass Ejection Large-scale expulsion of plasma and magnetic field from the sun’s outer atmosphere or corona into space.

How AI can help deliver Justice

Context: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to impact crime and crime control, similar to how the internet transformed cybercrime in the past. The government of India has been pursuing the policy of SMART policing i.e. Strategic, Meticulous, Adaptable, Reliable, and Transparent policing. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Criminal Justice Reform.

AI and Crime- The challenge

Generative AI and deep learning are reshaping cybercrime, making it easier for criminals to exploit text generation, voice cloning, and realistic image creation. The risks include: 

  • Automation of Attacks: AI can automate phishing campaigns, creating highly convincing messages at scale. It also allows malware to adapt dynamically to evade real-time detection, making cyberattacks more efficient and difficult to counteract.
  • Deepfakes and synthetic media: AI-generated deepfakes can impersonate executives or public figures, facilitating high-value fraud such as business email compromise (BEC), extortion, and social manipulation.
  • Enhanced cyberattacks: AI algorithms optimise ransomware operations by identifying critical data or systems to encrypt for maximum leverage. Nation-state actors use AI for advanced cyber-espionage, bypassing traditional security measures.
  • Autonomous operations: AI agents can operate independently, identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities without human oversight. This could lead to complex objectives like hacking critical infrastructure.
  • Synthetic identities: AI enhances the creation of fake identities by combining personal information from various real people, enabling fraudsters to open financial accounts.
  • Disinformation operations: AI streamlines content generation and distribution for propaganda and disinformation campaigns, targeting vulnerable populations and accelerating societal polarisation.

AI as a tool for Criminal Justice Reform

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AI in Police Administration: 

  • Case supervision: AI can assist in case supervision, data collation, and reducing the administrative workload of district-level police officers.
  • Reduced administrative workload: The shift of police personnel from administrative to fieldwork (investigations, patrolling, traffic management) would improve public service.

AI and SMART Policing:

  • SMART Policing: Indian government’s SMART policing initiative (Strategic, Meticulous, Adaptable, Reliable, Transparent) aligns well with AI applications.
  • Data processing: AI’s ability to process large datasets (text, image, voice) ensures meticulous crime analysis and prevents evidence oversight.
  • Increased reliability: AI enhances reliability by reducing errors in decision-making and strengthens transparency in police operations.

AI in Judicial System:

  • Reduced backlog: Judicial backlog of over 50 million cases undermines public trust in justice delivery.
  • Legal research: AI-powered court transcription, automated document management, fraud detection, and legal research can enhance judicial efficiency.
  • Analyzing precedents: AI can assist judges in analysing precedents, drafting judgments, and supervising lower courts.

Suggestions and Way Forward

  • The new US government has launched a $100 billion Stargate AI initiative to advance AI capabilities. India should also form a task force to study and implement AI in the justice system.
  • AI rollout at police stations and courts as a pilot project along with personnel training can be initiated to assess the impact.

Concerns such as accuracy, data privacy, and bias mitigation must be addressed before AI is implemented in courts.

Can two electors have identical EPIC numbers?

Context: Recently, the Election Commission of India (ECI) has released a statement that an elector can only vote at the polling booth mentioned in his EPIC (Electors Photo Identify Card). 

ECI has taken cognizance of certain social media posts and media reports flagging the issue of electors of two different states having identical EPIC numbers. 

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key Facts about EPIC (Electors Photo Identify Card); ERONET platform.

What is EPIC (Electors Photo Identify Card)?

  • The Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 provides for an EPIC (Electors Photo Identity Card) to be issued to all electors in order to prevent impersonation. 
    • Registered voters began to be issued EPICs by state governments from 1993 onwards.
  • An EPIC contains:
    • Elector’s name
    • Age
    • Residence
    • Photograph of the elector
    • Facsimile signature of the registration officer
    • Other particulars specified by ECI. 
  • EPIC is an identity document, it does not give the holder the right to vote. The right to vote is only available to those whose names are in the electoral roll of their respective constituencies.
image 23

EPIC and EC’s Manual on Electoral Rolls, 2023

  • As per the EC’s Manual on Electoral Rolls, 2023:
    • Every EPIC is issued under a unique EPIC Number — an alphanumeric series with three alphabetical codes followed by a seven-digit number. 
    • This number is provided by the ECI, and includes a Functional Unique Serial Number (FUSN) for each Assembly constituency.
  • Since 2017, the EPICs are being made using the ERONET portal.
    • The manual says EPICs can only be made online. 
    • A unique EPIC Number is allotted to every elector, whenever EPIC is issued to an elector for the first time. 
    • In case of a replacement EPIC, the number would remain the same as the original.

Clarification given by the Election Commission of India: 

  • The same EPIC numberdoes not imply duplicate or fake voters.
    • EPIC numbers of some of the electors may be identical, but other details including their demographic details, Assembly Constituency and polling booth are different for the electors with the same EPIC number. 
  • Irrespective of the EPIC number, any elector can cast a vote only at their designated polling station in their respective Constituency in their State/UT, where they are enrolled in the electoral roll and nowhere else.

Allotment of identical EPIC number/series (The Controversy): 

  • As per ECI, the allotment of identical EPIC number/series to some electors from different States/UTs was due to a decentralised and manual mechanism being followed prior to shifting of the electoral roll database of all States/UTs to the ERONET platform.
    • This resulted in certain State/UT CEO offices using the same EPIC alphanumeric series.
    • This left a scope for duplicate EPIC numbers being allotted to electors in different Assembly Constituencies in different States/UTs.
  • ECI has decided to ensure allotment of a unique EPIC number to registered electors.
    • Any case of duplicate EPIC number will be rectified by allotting a unique EPIC number. 
    • The ERONET 2.0 platform will be updated to aid and assist in this process.

ERONET Platform

  • ERONET is a web based application used for elector registration issues to handle all processes pertaining to registration, migration, and deletion of names from the electoral roll.
  • ERONET automates the process of electoral roll management and helps in removal of duplicate entries and inclusion of migrated electors.
    • Representation of the People Act, 1950 mainly deals with the preparation and revision of the electoral rolls. 
    • Publishing of electoral rolls is a key process that happens before the elections and is vital for the conduct of elections in India. 

Australia, the partner for India’s growth trajectory

Context: Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has recently launched the New Roadmap for Australia’s Economic Engagement with India. The Roadmap sets out how Australia can contribute to, and benefit from, India’s phenomenal growth.

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: India-Australian bilateral relations and trade partnership. 

Introduction

  • India and Australia share a multifaceted relationship and partnership based on strategic alignment, trade, education, clean energy, defence, and diaspora engagement.
  • The diplomatic relations between the countries began during India's Pre-Independence period in 1941 with the establishment of a Trade Office in Sydney.
    • India’s first High Commissioner arrived in Canberra in 1945.
    • Early trade links included coal exports from Australia and Indian labor recruitment for Queensland's plantations. 
  • These ties have evolved into broader economic and strategic cooperation over the time.
Australia’s Perspective on IndiaIndia’s Perspective on Australia
Australia believes in India’s economic potential and expects it to become the world’s third-largest economy by 2030.India views Australia as a trusted partner in its Indo-Pacific strategy, ensuring regional stability and security.
Supports India’s claim for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).Recognises Australia’s role in providing critical minerals essential for India’s clean energy transition and manufacturing sector.
Sees India as a natural partner due to economic complementarities and geographical proximity.Values Australia’s higher education institutions, fostering academic collaboration and skill development.
Views India as a key ally in Indo-Pacific region, fostering greater political and strategic cooperation.Seeks deeper trade ties through agreements like ECTA and the upcoming CECA.
Appreciates Indian diaspora’s contributions in Australia, strengthening people-to-people connections.Engages with Australia in Quad, defence dialogues, and maritime security cooperation.
image 20

The New Economic Roadmap

  • The Australian Prime Minister has recently launched the New Roadmap for Australia’s Economic Engagement with India.
  • The roadmap identified four superhighways of growth - clean energy, education and skills, agribusiness, and tourism. It sets out a pathway to boost two-way investment 
  • The roadmap also identifies nearly 50 specific opportunities to focus and accelerate Australia's engagement with India in several areas such as defence industries, sports, culture, space, and technology.
  • Australia is investing USD 16 million for an Australia-India Trade and Investment Accelerator Fund, which will help Australian businesses unlock new commercial opportunities in India.

India-Australia Relations

1. Economic and Trade Relations: 

  • Complementary Economies:
    • India is Australia’s sixth-largest trading partner and fourth-largest export market.
    • Bilateral trade between India and Australia was over $24 billion in 2024.
    • Australia provides essential inputs for India’s manufacturing and clean energy goals.
    • India and Australia have already signed the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) to boost trade in 2022. Recent data shows that:
      • Export utilisation of Indo-Australian ECTA has reached 79%. 
      • Import utilisation has reached 84%.  
  • Key sectors of Cooperation include: 
  • Clean Energy: Australia provides critical minerals (lithium, nickel, cobalt) to support India’s electric vehicle manufacturing and renewable energy goals.
    • India and Australia formed the Critical Minerals Investment Partnership in 2023 to build new supply chains in Australia to supply India with the Critical minerals.
    • An MoU between Khanij Bidesh India Ltd (India) and the Critical Minerals Facilitation (Australia) was signed in 2022.

Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA):

  • ECTA is a bilateral trade agreement to enhance economic ties between India and Australia. Signed in April 2022 and came into force in December 2022. 
  • India will benefit from preferential market access provided by Australia on 100% of its tariff lines, including the labour-intensive sectors such as gems and jewellery, textiles, leather, footwear, furniture, food, and agricultural products, engineering products, medical devices and automobiles.
  • India will offer preferential access to Australia on over 70% of its tariff lines, including primarily raw materials and intermediaries such as coal, mineral ores and wines.
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2. Strategic Partnership and Defence Cooperation

  • India and Australia have a growing defence and security partnership focused on peaceful, stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific.
    • Australia is a key participant in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) alongside India, the US, and Japan.
    • Collaborations on maritime security, intelligence sharing, and joint military exercises.
  • Collaboration also includes agreements on cyber security, maritime cooperation, and defence exchanges like the General Rawat Young Defence Officers’ Programme.

3. Education & Skills

  • India Australia Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) Accelerator has been instituted.
  • Australian Universities are establishing campuses in Gujarat (GIFT City) and Noida.
  • Australia-India Cyber and Critical Technology Partnership (AICCTP) was established in 2020 to support collaboration on cyber and critical technology issues.

4. Other Sectors

  • Health: Australia-India MoU on Cooperation in the Field of Health and Medicine signed in 2017.
  • Agri-business: Strengthening cooperation in food security and sustainable farming techniques.
  • Tourism: Enhancing people-to-people exchanges through increased travel and cultural understanding.

5. Role of Indian Diaspora

  • Indian Diaspora is a 10-lakh strong and the fastest-growing population group in Australia.
  • It acts as a ‘human bridge’ between the two nations, strengthening business and cultural ties.
  • The Centre for Australia-India Relations, supported with ₹132 crore, is led by prominent Indian-Australian leaders to boost people-to-people connections.
  • The Maitri Grants Program (funded with ₹22 crore) aims to enhance the people-to-people, business-to-business and cultural links between the two nations.

Challenges and Opportunities in the relationship

  • Challenges:
    • India's business environment remains complex for foreign companies due to regulatory hurdles.
    • Structural issues like job creation, inequality, and climate risks pose challenges to sustained growth.
  • Opportunities:
    • India's projected growth trajectory (6–8% annually) makes it an attractive partner for Australian businesses.
    • Critical mineral supplies from Australia can support India’s EV manufacturing ambitions (E.g., lithium for batteries). 

Future Prospects

  • Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA): 
    • After ECTA, the negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) are underway.
    • CECA is intended to cover 5 main tracks i.e. goods, services, digital trade, government procurement and Rules of Origin/Product Specific Rules Schedule.
  • With the Roadmap in place, the India-Australia relationship is set to become stronger and more consequential.

India and Australia’s relationship is evolving into a comprehensive and strategic partnership, driven by shared economic interests, geopolitical alignment, and cultural affinity. 

India's Agricultural Exports: Key Trends

Context: India’s agricultural trade surplus has reduced from $10.6 billion in April-December 2023-24 to $8.2 billion for the corresponding nine months of the current fiscal year 2024-25. 

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Agriculture exports- trends. 

Agriculture Trade: Trends

  • Agriculture Exports: 
    • India's agricultural exports increased by 6.5%, rising from $35.2 billion (April-December 2023) to $37.5 billion (April-December 2024).
    • This growth surpassed the 1.9% increase in total merchandise exports.
  • Agriculture Imports:
    • Grew at a higher rate of 18.7%, rising from $24.6 billion (April-December 2023) to $29.3 billion (April-December 2024).
  • Narrowing Agricultural Trade Surplus:
    • The surplus fell from $10.6 billion (April-December 2023-24) to $8.2 billion (April-December 2024-25).
    • Historically, India's agricultural trade surplus peaked at $27.7 billion in 2013-14 but declined to $8.1 billion by 2016-17.
    • It increased again to $20.2 billion in 2020-21, but has since been declining.
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Impact of Global Commodity Prices on Indian Exports

  • The FAO food price index fell between 2013-14 (119.1) and 2019-20 (96.4), reducing India's agricultural export competitiveness.
  • Post-COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war, global food prices surged, leading to higher Indian exports.
  • The index peaked at 140.6 in 2022-23, boosting exports to $53.2 billion, but has since fallen, affecting exports.

Key Agricultural Export Commodities

  • Marine products: 
    • No. 1 export commodity in India’s agri-exports.
    • Exports fell from $8.1 billion (2022-23) to $7.4 billion (2023-24).
  • Sugar: Dropped from $5.8 billion (2022-23) to $2.8 billion (2023-24) due to government restrictions.
  • Wheat: Exports reduced significantly due to domestic supply concerns.
  • Rice: Despite export restrictions, non-basmati rice exports remain high, while basmati rice exports are expected to reach record levels.
  • Spices, Coffee, and Tobacco: Crop failures in other countries (Brazil, Vietnam, Zimbabwe) have boosted India’s exports.
image 18

Key Agricultural Import Commodities

India’s agricultural imports are dominated by two commodities: Edible oils and pulses.

  • Edible oils: Imports surged due to high global prices post-Ukraine war.
  • Pulses: Poor domestic production led to an increase in imports, expected to cross $5 billion for the first time.
  • Spices: India has become a net importer of pepper and cardamom, despite leading in other spices.
  • Cotton: Once a major exporter, India is now a net importer, with imports increasing by 84.2% in 2024.
image 19

While India remains a strong player in agricultural exports, increasing imports and global market uncertainties pose challenges. A balanced trade policy, along with investments in domestic agricultural productivity, will be crucial in maintaining a healthy agricultural trade surplus.

Time to consider Right Against Disability-based Bias a Fundamental Right: SC

Context: While ruling that visually-impaired candidates are eligible to participate in selection for the posts under the judicial service, the Supreme Court of India has recently emphasised the need to consider the right against disability-based discrimination as a fundamental right. 

The landmark ruling will ensure that visually impaired candidates will now be eligible to participate in the selection process for judicial service posts.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Right against disability-based discrimination; Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016.

Background of the case

  • The case dealt with provisions in the Madhya Pradesh Judicial Service Examination (Recruitment and Conditions of Service) Rules, 1994, and the Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010. 
  • Petitioners sought amendments to these rules to bring them in compliance with the RPwD Act, ensuring equal opportunities for visually impaired candidates.

Key Highlights of the Judgment

  • Fundamental Right against disability-based discrimination:
    • The Supreme Court recognised the right against disability-based discrimination as a fundamental right and placed it at the same level as other constitutional rights. 
    • This recognition is in accordance with the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016.
  • Outcome of the Judgement:
    • Authorities were directed to proceed with the selection process in light of this ruling and complete it within three months.
    • Rule 6A of MP Rules, 1994, was struck down as it excluded visually impaired persons from selection to judicial services despite their educational qualifications.
    • Proviso to Rule 7 of MP Rules, which imposed additional requirements such as a three-year practice period or a minimum of 70% marks in the first attempt, was also struck down as unconstitutional.

Justifications given by the Court

  • Affirmative action for PwDs: The court emphasized the need for a rights-based approach. Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) should not only be free from discrimination but should also receive positive accommodations to ensure equal opportunities.
  • Principle of Reasonable Accommodation: It is derived from international conventions and ensures that PwDs receive necessary accommodations for fair assessment and eligibility.
  • Doctrine of Equality: The court ruled that additional qualifications imposed on PwDs violated the doctrine of equality. The principle of reasonable accommodation must be applied to prevent indirect discrimination.

Impact of the Judgement

  • Immediate effects: Visually impaired candidates can now participate in judicial service exams without additional barriers. State authorities shall have to amend rules to align with the RPwD Act.
  • Long-Term implications: Sets a precedent for recognizing disability rights as fundamental rights.
    • The decision will encourage other government sectors to adopt similar measures.
    • Enhances inclusivity in the judiciary and other public service sectors.

Also Read: Persons With Disability (PWD)

The Supreme Court’s ruling marks a significant step toward an inclusive and equitable judicial system. By striking down discriminatory provisions and reinforcing the principle of reasonable accommodation, the judgment will ensure that disability does not hinder equal participation in public service.

Making sense of India's GDP Data

Context: The Indian government recently released the latest estimates of the country’s economic growth.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: GDP- Definition, Real vs Nominal GDP, GDP estimates. 

Understanding Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

  • Definition: GDP is the total market value of all goods and services produced within India's geographical boundaries in a specified period.
  • Real vs. Nominal GDP: 
    • Nominal GDP: value of all the final goods and services at current market prices, without adjusting for inflation.  
    • Real GDP: adjusts nominal GDP for inflation. It reflects the economy’s true growth by accounting for changes in price levels.

India's GDP Growth trends

  • Second quarter GDP decline (Q2 FY25): India's GDP growth rate in the second quarter (July-September) slumped to 5.4%, indicating a potential slowdown.
  • Revised Q2 growth: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) later revised the Q2 GDP growth rate to 5.6%, reflecting a minor upward correction.
  • Third quarter GDP (Q3 FY25): GDP growth for October-December was 6.2%, signaling a recovery from the previous slump.
  • Second advance estimates (SAE) for FY25: Real GDP growth of 6.5% for FY 2024-25. 
image 12

Revision of GDP Estimates

GDP figures undergo multiple revisions as more accurate data becomes available. Revisions reflect a more precise picture of economic performance.

  • Stages of GDP revisions:
    • First Advance Estimates (FAE): Released in January of the financial year.
    • Second Advance Estimates (SAE): Released in February.
    • Provisional Estimates (PE): Released in May, incorporating Q4 data.
    • First Revised Estimates (FRE): Released the following February with better data.
    • Final Estimates: Released two years later as the most accurate GDP assessment.
  • Key GDP revisions and their implications:
    • Upward GDP revision for FY24: GDP growth rate was revised sharply from 8.2% to 9.2%, a significant 1 percentage point increase.

Significance of sharp GDP Revisions

  • Economic planning: GDP data influences government policy decisions on fiscal measures, investments, and subsidies. 
  • Tax revenues and corporate performance: Weaker GDP growth implies lower tax revenues for the government and weaker corporate earnings, affecting investor sentiment.
  • Foreign investment and Stock market trends: Revisions in GDP growth impact foreign investor confidence and the valuation of Indian stocks.

Reliable GDP data is needed to formulate effective fiscal and monetary policies, and uphold investor confidence (both domestic and foreign). 

Private consumption as a key growth driver

  • Revised private consumption estimates: Initially pegged at 4% growth for FY24, private consumption was later revised to 5.6%.
  • Importance of private consumption: It is the largest contributor to GDP, driving demand for goods and services, impacting production, employment, and economic stability.
  • Comparison with other growth engines: Unlike government spending and private sector investments, private consumption currently plays a more significant role in driving GDP growth.

Critical takeaways from the GDP revisions

  • Stronger economic performance: In FY24, India’s economic performance was stronger than initially assumed. The sharp upward revision indicates robust underlying economic activity.
  • Pronounced growth slowdown: The growth slowdown in FY25 is more pronounced than expected. With growth falling from 9.2% to 6.5%, the economic momentum has weakened significantly.
  • Credibility of GDP estimates needs strengthening: Large-scale revisions create uncertainties in economic assessments and policymaking, necessitating more reliable initial estimates.

PLI 2.0: Push to Manufacturing

Context: With the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme gaining traction in its first phase, the government is considering the PLI 2.0 scheme. The PLI 2.0 scheme is exploring if incentives should be linked to metrics beyond incremental sales such as domestic value addition and incremental exports.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Production Linked Incentive Scheme

Mains: PLI- Issues, Way Forward

image 11

About PLI Scheme

  • The PLI scheme was conceived to scale up domestic manufacturing capability, accompanied by higher import substitution and employment generation.
  • Launched in March 2020, the scheme initially targeted three industries:
  • Mobile and allied Component Manufacturing
  • Electrical Component Manufacturing and
  • Medical Devices.
  • Later, it was extended to 14 sectors:
    1. Mobile Manufacturing and Specified Electronic Components
    2. Critical Key Starting Materials/Drug Intermediaries & Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
    3. Manufacturing of Medical Devices 
    4. Automobiles and Auto Components
    5. Pharmaceuticals Drugs
    6. Specialty Steel
    7. Telecom & Networking Products
    8. Electronic/Technology Products
    9. White Goods (ACs and LEDs)
    10. Food Products
    11. Textile Products: MMF segment and technical textiles
    12. High efficiency solar PV modules
    13. Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery
    14. Drones and Drone Components.

Key Features of the PLI Scheme

  • Outcome-based Incentives: Incentives will be disbursed only after the production has taken place. 
  • Incremental Production Focus:
    • The calculation of incentives is based on incremental production at a high rate of growth. 
    • In some sectors such as advanced chemistry cell batteries, textile products and the drone industry, the incentive will be calculated on the basis of sales, performance and local value addition done over the period of five years.
  • Emphasis on Scale: The scheme focuses on size and scale by selecting producers who can deliver high volumes.
  • Strategic Sectors: Sectors chosen include, those with:
    • Cutting-edge technology
    • Potential for integration with global value chains
    • High job-creation capacity
    • Sectors closely linked to the rural economy. 
  • WTO Compliance: The scheme is designed to align with World Trade Organisation (WTO) commitments, as the quantum of support is not directly linked to exports or value-addition.

Sector-wise performance in job creation

  • High performance: Mobile phones, food processing, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Moderate Performance: Auto, IT hardware, and specialty steel.
  • Below Target: Textiles and advanced chemical cells.

Challenges with the current PLI framework

  • Low value addition:
    • Value addition in key sectors remains in single digits, even in relatively successful sectors.
    • Need for deeper integration of domestic supply chains.
  • Dependence on global supply chains:
    • India's small market size in telecom and electronics limits incentives for supply chain relocation.
    • Economies of scale are necessary to negotiate better rates for semiconductor chips and technology licensing.
  • Lack of economies of scale:
    • Indian firms are generally smaller and less competitive compared to Chinese and Vietnamese firms.
    • Limited foreign market access reduces price competitiveness.

Read More: Production Linked Incentive 

Recommendations for PLI 2.0 scheme

  • Focus on localisation:
    • Strengthen domestic manufacturing ecosystems to capture greater value addition.
    • Increase competitiveness against Chinese manufacturers.
  • Exports as a key metric:
    • Larger production volumes require access to export markets.
    • Exports introduce competition and enhance market efficiency.
  • Involvement of foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs):
    • Large OEMs with established supply chains can catalyze domestic component manufacturing.
    • Can negotiate better deals with strategic vendors, benefiting Indian firms.
  • Expanding the component manufacturing ecosystem:
    • Over time, domestic firms can grow by supplying to both local and international manufacturers.
    • Knowledge and productivity spillovers can strengthen the entire manufacturing base.
  • Global success strategies:
    • Japan and South Korea: Leveraged foreign OEMs in early growth phases to build domestic capabilities.
    • China’s EV sector: Used Tesla’s entry to upgrade its domestic vendor base, leading to strong homegrown EV brands like BYD, Xpeng, Li Auto, and Nio.

Strategic interventions could enable Indian firms to move up the value chain and become global competitors in key industries.

India needs Accelerated Reforms to reach High Income Status by 2047: World Bank

Context: Recently, the World Bank has released a report titled ‘India Country Economic Memorandum’ which has called for accelerated reforms to help India achieve high income status by 2047. 

India will need to grow by 7.8% on average over the next 22 years to achieve the country’s aspirations of reaching high-income status by 2047.

Relevance of the Topic:Mains: Viksit Bharat- Recommendations

Major Highlights of the Report

  • Global Experience in Economic Transition: 
    • Only a few countries, such as Chile, Romania, Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, have transitioned from middle to high-income status within two decades.
    • Many others, including Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey, have remained in the upper-middle-income trap.
    • India needs ambitious reforms and effective implementation to avoid stagnation.
  • India’s Growth and Investment Projections: 
    • India’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita must increase nearly eight times from $2,540 (2023) to exceed the $14,005 high-income threshold.
    • Under a moderate reform scenario in India:
      • Investment is projected to peak at 37% of GDP by 2035.
      • Economic growth is expected to average 6.6% annually.
      • Total factor productivity (TFP) growth would peak at 2.5%.
      • Female labor force participation (FLFPR) is expected to increase to 45% by 2045. 
    • India needs ‘accelerated reforms’, with which:
      • Investment share in GDP could reach 40% by 2035.
      • Growth could reach 7.8% annually, enabling high-income transition.
      • Total factor productivity (TFP) growth would peak at 2.7%.
      • FLFPR is expected to increase to 55% by 2050. 
image 8

Key Reform Areas

  • Financial-Sector Reforms:
    • Ensure efficient credit allocation and risk minimisation.
    • Deepening corporate bond markets.
    • Facilitating further credit access for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
  • Boosting private and public investments: Increasing public investment in sectors that crowd-in private investment, such as:
    • Agriculture and allied industries
    • Urban development
    • Transport infrastructure
  • Trade and FDI liberalisation:
    • Reducing tariffs and trade barriers.
    • Encouraging participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) to enhance productivity and exports.
    • Addressing market concentration and large state presence in key sectors like petroleum, IT equipment, and cement.
  • Creating Quality Jobs:
    • Targeting stronger growth in labor-intensive sectors 
    • Expanding MSMEs to increase employment opportunities.
    • Supporting traditional market services (hospitality, trade, and communications) through better infrastructure and reduced entry barriers.
    • Enhancing intermediate manufacturing by reforming labor regulations, improving land availability, and upgrading logistics infrastructure.
  • State-specific growth strategies:
    • Addressing inter-state income disparities for inclusive growth.
    • Encouraging policies for large-scale inter-state migration.
    • Implementing differentiated policy approaches, rather than a ‘one size fits all’ approach:
      • Less-developed states: Strengthening growth fundamentals.
      • Developed states: Focusing on next-generation reforms.

By implementing these reforms, India can sustain high growth, create employment opportunities, and improve the standard of living for its citizens.

Why are Gharials Endangered?

Context: The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh released 10 gharials into the Chambal river at the National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary in Morena district, MP to bolster the population of gharials. 

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Gharial; National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary; Chambal river. 

About Gharial

  • The gharial is a species of long-snouted, fish-eating crocodilians. 
  • Gharial (from Hindi word ghara meaning pot/vessel) refers to the bulbous snout tip of adult males, which resembles an inverted pot. 
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Slender snouts lined with numerous sharp interlocking teeth.
    • Males grow 3-6 meters, and females 2.6–4.5 meters in length. 
    • Fish is the mainstay of their diet.
    • Sandbanks, sandbars, and islands are critical to their ecology, serving as preferred sites for basking and community nesting. 
image 1
  • Distribution:
    • Freshwater river-systems of India. 
      • Chambal River (tributary of river Yamuna) holds the largest population of Gharials in the wild, in India. 
    • Small populations exist in Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh’s upper Brahmaputra.
    • Likely extinct in Myanmar and Bhutan.
  • Ecological Importance: 
    • Gharials are important for a river’s ecosystem as they clean up carrion.
  • Threats:
    • Historical: Overhunting for skins, trophies, eggs, and traditional medicine.
    • Modern challenges: Dam construction, irrigation canals, siltation, river course changes, embankments, sand-mining, pollution, and fishing nets.
  • Conservation status:
    • IUCN status: Critically Endangered
    • CITES: Appendix I
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:  Schedule I 

Gharial Conservation

  • Madhya Pradesh has the title of “gharial state,” as it hosts over 80% of India’s gharials. This has happened due to decades-long conservation efforts in the state. 
  • Between 1975 and 1982, India established 16 captive breeding and release centers and five gharial sanctuaries. 
  • Today, the species survives primarily in five sites:
    • National Chambal Sanctuary
    • Katerniaghat Sanctuary, UP
    • Chitwan National Park, Nepal 
    • Son River Sanctuary, MP
    • Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary, Odisha 

Conservation Efforts

  • Captive breeding programmes and population monitoring 
  • Engaging local communities in habitat preservation and awareness campaigns
  • Managing threats like sand mining
  • Stronger river protection and sandbank restoration 

National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary

  • Located on the Chambal River near the tripoint of three states: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh,
  • The sanctuary protects a 435-km stretch of one of India’s cleanest rivers. 
  • Apart from gharials, the stretch hosts over 290 bird species, including rare Indian Skimmers (80% of the national population).
  • Important Fauna: Red-crowned roof turtle, endangered Ganges river dolphin, mugger crocodile, smooth-coated otter, striped hyena and Indian wolf. 
image 2

Chambal River

  • Chambal is the chief tributary of the Yamuna River.
  • Origin: Vindhya Range, Madhya Pradesh state. 
  • From its source, it flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh.
  • Chief Tributaries: Banas, Kali Sindh, Sipra, and Parbati 
  • Chambal’s lower course is lined by a 16-km belt of badland gullies resulting from accelerated soil erosion.
image 3

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