Context: Recently, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released the Arctic Report Card with interesting facts about the Arctic Tundra ecosystem.
Relevance of the topic: Prelims: Scope of question on reports, their findings and changes in ecosystem.
Major Highlights:
The Arctic tundra ecosystem holds1.6 Trillion metric tonnes of carbon. This carbon is in the form of non-decomposed biomass that is frozen in permafrost.
In recent findings, scientists observed that the Arctic region is emitting more carbon than it absorbs.
Reasons for this inverted trend
Global Warming: The rising temperature is leading to the thawing of the permafrost in the region. This is activating the decomposers and microbes.
Due to microbial action the carbon dioxide and methane is synthesised from biological form to gaseous form leading to emissions.
Wildfires: Another major reason for rising emissions is the high frequency of wildfires in the year 2024.
Both these reasons contributed to a hike in emissions from the Arctic region.
Way Forward: The prime way forward suggested is to reduce carbon emission. This can be achieved by moving towards green technology like hydrogen fuel cells, and renewable energy sources.
Context: Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat, a rare bat species, has been spotted in Delhi's DDA Yamuna Biodiversity Park.
Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Bats; Role of Bats.
About Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat
Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat is a rare species of bat.
Physical Appearance: Large size, prominent ears, bicolored velvety fur.
Habitat:
The species has been found/sighted in just three locations globally:
a single breeding colony in the Western Ghats.
small colonies in Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills.
A single individual was recorded in Cambodia.
It primarily roosts in caves or dark, damp spaces in moderate colony sizes.
Feeding habits: Consumes a variety of insects. It is capable of flying long distances while foraging.
IUCN Status: Data deficient as little is known about their habitat, ecology, or foraging range.
Key Facts about Bats:
Bats are the only flying mammals. In winter, bats go into hibernation.
Role of Bats:
Insectivorous bats are vital in controlling insect populations, consuming millions of insects at night.
Frugivorous bats contribute to pollination and seed dispersal, supporting plant species across various habitats.
Bat droppings are one of the richest fertilizers.
The majority of bats are nocturnal species (awake at night). (Not all bats are nocturnal) They can locate their prey (insects) by emitting inaudible high-pitched sounds and listening to the echoes. This is called echolocation.
Flying foxes (Fruit bats) are the largest bats, some attaining a wingspan of 1.5 metres (5 feet) with a head and body length of about 40 cm.
There are three species of blood-sucking bats. They tend to prey on livestock like cattle and horses (attacks on humans are very rare).
Context: Recently, the International Debt Report 2024 was released by the World Bank. Among other trends, the report shows that over 25% of the world’s bilateral external debt was owed to China in 2023, making the country the leading debt collector in the world. This has raised concerns over the debt trap diplomacy used by China.
Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Debt-trap diplomacy of China: Impacts; some global examples; strategies to deal with debt-trap diplomacy.
What is Debt Trap Diplomacy?
Debt trap diplomacy refers to a strategy where a country extends excessive credit to another nation, often leading the latter into a situation where it cannot repay its debts.
This can result in the debtor nation being forced to concede control over strategic assets or influence over its domestic and foreign policies to the creditor nation.
Debt Trap Diplomacy leads to:
Loan Dependency: Countries receiving loans from China often become heavily indebted, making them vulnerable to economic pressures and political influence from Beijing.
Asset Control: When debtor nations struggle to repay their loans, they may be compelled to cede control over critical infrastructure or resources. A notable example is Sri Lanka, which had to lease its Hambantota Port to a Chinese company for 99 years after failing to repay Chinese loans.
Strategic Influence: This practice allows China to expand its geopolitical influence in regions such as Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, at the expense of sovereignty.
Infrastructure Projects: Many of the projects funded by Chinese loans are large-scale infrastructure developments, such as roads, railways, and ports (under BRI). While these can enhance connectivity and growth, they often come with high debt burdens.
Debt Restructuring: In some cases, China has engaged in debt restructuring negotiations but has been criticized for not being transparent about the terms and conditions of these arrangements.
The strategy has drawn criticism from various quarters, including Western nations and international organisations, which argue that it undermines the financial stability of recipient countries and leads to increased dependency on China.
Countries facing the Debt Trap Burden:
China's debt trap diplomacy has been observed in several countries, where extensive loans for infrastructure projects have led to significant debt burdens. Here are notable examples:
Sri Lanka: The most cited case is Sri Lanka's Hambantota Port, which was financed by Chinese loans. After failing to repay the debt($ 8 Bn), Sri Lanka had to lease the port to a Chinese company for 99 years, granting China strategic control over a key maritime asset.
Pakistan: Under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), Pakistan has received substantial loans (Owes $22 Bn to China)for infrastructure development. Critics argue that the resulting debt could lead to increased Chinese influence over Pakistan's economy and political decisions.
Djibouti: China has invested heavily in Djibouti's infrastructure, including the construction of a strategic port. Djibouti's debt to China has raised concerns that it may have to cede control over critical infrastructure if it cannot meet its financial obligations.
Maldives: The Maldives took on significant debt from China for various projects, including roads and an airport. The previous government faced criticism for this borrowing, which analysts believe could jeopardise the country's sovereignty and lead to increased Chinese influence.
Angola: The second largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa, owed $17 billion to China, which was about 58% of its external debt.16 sub-Saharan nations owe over 50% of their external debt to China. According to the New York Times, 15 of the 19 cobalt-producing mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo were owned or financed by Chinese firms. The nation owes 88% of its bilateral debt to China.
Tanzania: A Chinese loan funded the construction of a port in Bagamoyo. However, Tanzania's inability to repay the loan could result in China gaining control over the port and influencing Tanzanian policies.
Laos: Laos has borrowed extensively from China for rail and hydropower projects. The country is at risk of falling into a debt trap, as it struggles with high levels of debt relative to its GDP.
The affected countries are increasingly seeking alternatives to Chinese financing or negotiating better terms. Some nations are exploring partnerships with other countries or institutions that offer more favorable lending conditions.
Concerns for India:
Growing Chinese influence: Smaller nations like Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka are at a risk of coming under China’s debt trap. It has increased China's influence in the region to a considerable level which is against India’s desire to emerge as a net security provider in the region.
Challenge to Indo-Pacific Strategy: The China’s debt trap policy will lead to increase in China's assertiveness which directly challenges the open and peaceful Indo-pacific region.
Against Sovereignty of India: The Chinese funded projects like China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which passes through the territory of India are a direct challenge to the sovereignty of India.
Way Forward to deal with Debt Trap Diplomacy:
Build Back Better World Initiative: The G7 Countries proposed a ‘Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative’ at the 47th G7 summit to counter China’s BRI.
Blue Dot Network (BDN): Multi-stakeholder initiative formed by the US, Japan, and Australia to bring together governments, private sector and civil society to promote high-quality, trusted standards for global infrastructure development.
G7 Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII): It seeks to mobilise private sector investments in infrastructure projects across developing countries, focusing on quality and transparency.
Bilateral debt restructuring: India is also helping neighbours like Sri Lanka, Maldives to restructure debt.
Expanded Partnership for Quality Infrastructure (EQPI) initiative: Under this program, Japan pledged to finance around $200 billion in infrastructure projects with a focus on natural resources, energy, and other sectors.
Context: The recent fall of Bashar al-Assad's regime in the Gulf region has raised challenges in managing the Indian Foreign policy in already strained Middle-East conditions.
Relevance of the topic:
Prelims: Location and map based questions.
Mains: Detailed analysis of Indian Middle-East policy amidst the emerging challenges in the region.
Major Highlights:
The Prime Minister of India is anticipating a visit to Kuwait in December 2024. He will become the first PM to visit Kuwait in the last four decades.
The visit to Kuwait came under the time when Gulf region is facing various issues:
Houthi rebellion in Yemen
Fall of regime in Syria
War between Israel and Palestine
Financial crisis in Lebanon.
Importance of Middle East for India:
The Middle East is vital for India in a multidimensional manner, shaping its economic, political, and strategic engagements. Key areas include:
Energy Security: About 60% of the energy imports are dependent on the imports from the Middle-East region. Countries like Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Iraq are critical suppliers, ensuring India's energy security and economic stability.
Trade and Investments: Nations like UAE and Saudi Arabia are major trading partner nations of India. Example: UAE being 3rd largest trading partner of India.
Diaspora and Remittances: India receives about 18% of its remittances from nations like UAE. Also, the Middle-East remains a prime destination for Indian migrants.
Geopolitical Engagement: India has regional partnerships with the organisations like Gulf Cooperation Council and other multilateral partnerships like I2U2
Strategic Cooperation: India enjoys defence and counter-terrorism ties with nations like Saudi Arabia and UAE. Example: Desert Eagle military exercise between India and UAE.
Maritime trade security: Middle East proximity to the choke points like Strait of Hurmouz and Bab El Mandeb makes harmonisation of relations crucial to maintain maritime trade.
Cultural and Religious Ties: India hosts the second largest muslim population in the world that finds historical ties and religious relations with the Middle East.
Regional Stability: India shares relations with conflicting parties in the Middle East like Israel, Iran, Palestine etc,. a stable region will promote Indian diverse interests in these nations.
Technology and Innovation: India has a keen interest to learn from the Middle East especially in the field of dry land agriculture and water efficiency enhancement innovations making it crucial to maintain harmonious relations with the Gulf.
Key initiatives by India to bolster ties with the Middle East:
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA): with UAE to promote hassle free trade and investment. Along with, free human resource movement between the nations.
Strategic Partnerships: Elevated ties with UAE, Saudi, and Oman by promoting multidimensionality in partnership waging from energy to security and counter-terrorism.
I2U2 Initiative: A collaborative grouping of India, Israel, UAE, and the USA, focusing on food security, energy, and infrastructure projects in the Middle East and beyond.
India-Arab Partnership Summit: Promotes economic and cultural cooperation with the Arab League, emphasizing trade, investment, and technology transfer.
Project Mausam to promote cultural diplomatic ties with the Middle East.
Diaspora Engagement with schemes like Pravasi Bharatiya Bima Yojana in order to ensure security and foster trust among them.
Maritime Collaboration by increasing the naval presence in key waterways like the Strait of Hormuz and gaining naval access to the posts of nations like Oman.
Challenges faced by India to maintain relations:
Geopolitical Rivalries: Balancing relations between rival blocs, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, or Israel and Palestine, poses a diplomatic challenge. India's neutrality may occasionally strain relations with specific partners.
Energy Transition: As the world shifts towards renewable energy, India’s heavy reliance on Middle Eastern oil and gas could reduce its influence in the region.
Labour Issues: Continuous concerns about exploitative labour norms in Middle East nations like Saudi Arabia and UAE acts as a bone of contention between the harmonious relations between the nations. Example:- Kafala system in Saudi Arabia poses concerns to the labour rights and human rights among Indian migrant workers in Saudi.
Regional Instability: Ongoing conflicts, such as in Yemen and Syria, and tensions involving Iran, poses challenges to the Indian diplomatic efforts in balancing the relations with conflicting parties. .
Challenge from China as a contending power in the region, trying to gain the mileage by acquiring naval bases. Example: Djibouti naval base of China.
Diaspora Challenges: Risk of job loss to Indians due to protectionism in Middle East Example 'Saudization’ in Saudi Arabia to promote locals participation in the economy.
Terrorism and Extremism threats due to the rise of neo-ISIS factions in the region.
Maritime Security: Instability in key maritime routes like the Strait of Hormuz due to the Houthi rebel attack on naval vessels. .
Economic Volatility: Fluctuations in oil prices and economic instability in the Gulf due to global factors could adversely affect remittances and trade.
Cultural Sensitivities like criticism by Middle East nations on the internal matters of India. Example:- Nupur Sharma remarks on Islam.
Way Forward for India-Middle East Relations:
Energy Diversification by shifting from crude oil to alternate renewable sources like solar and hydrogen fuel.
Boost Trade by leveraging the potential of Indian Agriculture products demand in the Middle East.
Diaspora Welfare by ensuring labor rights by bilateral dialogues and initiatives like Madad Portal for diaspora.
Balancing diplomatic relations with nations using De-hyphenation policy in international relations.
Maritime Security by ensuring safe passage of trade vessels. Example: Sagar initiative of Coast guard and India Navy
Cultural Diplomacy by promoting cultural goodwill Example: BAPS temple in UAE.
Conclusion: The Middle East is a key region of interest for Indian diplomacy and international relations due to its energy, security, trade, and connectivity aspects. Indian policy towards the Middle-East should be balanced by upholding regional interest and mutual respect.
Context:India is at the forefront of adopting AI in surveillance. Technological integration is a welcome move to modernise law enforcement, however, in the absence of suitable legal frameworks it might intersect with constitutional rights of citizens, particularly the right to privacy.
Relevance of the Topic: Mains: AI in surveillance- Challenges, Opportunities, Way Forward
Use of AI in Governance
In 2019, India announced its ambition to build the world’s largest facial recognition system for policing.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered surveillance systems have been deployed across railway stations and the Delhi Police is preparing to use AI for crime patrols.
Grants the government unchecked power to process personal data without the need for consent, when processing data for medical treatment during an epidemic, data related to employment etc.
Mandates citizens not to suppress any material information when submitting personal data. This provision (while intended to ensure data accuracy) could lead to punitive measures for something as simple as an outdated address or technical error in data collection systems.
Criticised for skewing power towards state surveillance over individual rights.
Absence of specific legislation for AI regulation, despite growing deployment of AI-powered systems.
Unregulated AI Usage:
India’s AI surveillance lacks clear guidelines on data collection, processing, storage, and usage and mechanisms to prevent abuse or discrimination.
Example: Deployment of facial recognition technologies in Delhi and Hyderabad without public risk assessments or legislative debate.
Risk of Overreach:
International experiences, such as the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), shows that surveillance laws can lead to overreach.
Expanding India’s AI surveillance infrastructure without sufficient safeguards risks violating constitutional principles of proportionality and legality.
Indian Context:
India’s surveillance capabilities are growing rapidly with plans for 50 AI-powered satellites and integration of AI in public systems.
Cases like Telangana Police data breach highlight the misuse of personal data collected through welfare schemes (E.g., “Samagra Vedika”).
Current frameworks fail to ensure transparency, judicial oversight, or accountability in data collection and AI deployment.
International Context:
European Union: EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act follows a risk-based approach:
Categorises AI applications as unacceptable, high, transparency, or minimal risk.
Prohibits real-time biometric identification for law enforcement, except under strict conditions.
United States: Surveillance laws like FISA offer lessons on the potential for overreach and the need for stringent safeguards.
Impact on Civil Liberties:
AI surveillance, without sufficient safeguards, might risk:
Privacy violations: Indiscriminate data collection threatens informational privacy.
Discrimination: Biased AI systems can exacerbate social inequalities.
Data breaches: Weak safeguards increase vulnerability to cyberattacks.
Conclusion: India stands at a critical juncture in deploying AI-powered surveillance. While technological advancements promise enhanced governance and law enforcement, they must be balanced against constitutional rights. A proactive regulatory approach that is aligned with international best practices can ensure that AI serves the public interest without compromising civil liberties.
Context: The Indian constitution is unique in its ‘content’ and ‘spirit’. The Prime Minister Narendra Modi has described the Indian Constitution as an 'open and futuristic' document that is youth-centric and has a modern vision. The arguments given below attempt to answer the ‘Indianness’ or the ‘uniqueness’ of the Indian constitution.
Relevance of the topic:
Prelims: MCQs based on constitutional features.
Mains: Analytical question scope based on uniqueness of Indian constitution.
How were various western constitutional elements rearranged and modified to suit Indian context?
Secularism: The secularism of India is a bit different from the western conception of divorce between state and religion.
Indian secularism is more of the “principled distance” drawn from the Indian ancient tradition of “Sarva Dharma Sambhava” that balances the uniqueness of Indian religious society and western polity ideals simultaneously.
Notable related judgements include, Sabarimala Case judgement, Shirur Mutt Case 1954.
Socialist feature: Unlike the Western conception of Socialism i.e., more tinged towards the concept of Communist ideology, the Indian version is slightly different.
The version in the Indian constitution is more tinged towards the 'Karuna’ or the compassion towards the downtrodden.
Socialism in India is not only restrained to economic aspects, but extends to the social realm too. Ban on untouchability and caste system's rejection are based upon the active compassion promoted by the socio-religious reforms in India in 19th Century.
Federalism: The federalismconcept in India is more tinged towards the “union of states”, acknowledging the diverse culture of each state. Hence, crafting the “state-nation” rather than European style “nation-state” reflecting the old tradition of deep respect for cultural and social diversity making the Indian constitution unique in itself. Notable judgements related to federalism S.R. Bommai Case (1994).
How are traditions, philosophies and movements of India reflected in various constitutional provisions?
Philosophical underpinning of Indian Constitution:
Dharma and Rule of law being part of the concept of rights, duties and justice. Example: Article 14 ensuring Equality before law ensures Dharma.
Sarvodaya through Antyodaya as the concept of Social justice by Gandhi is reflected in Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
Ahimsa and Vasudheva Kutumbakam are reflected under Article 51 by ensuring peaceful and cooperative international relations.
Traditions and Cultural Heritage:
Unity in diversity under Article 25-28 ensuring religious freedom and Article 29-30 ensuring linguistic and cultural rights of minorities.
Tolerance and Secularism as ensured by Preamble.
Influences of Socio-political movements:
Social reform movements under RajaRam Mohan Roy, Mahatma Phule, and B.R. Ambedkar shaped the constitutional ideals. Example Article 17 restricting untouchability.
Freedom movements promoting democratic ideals being reflected in Article 326 as Universal Adult Suffrage.
Gandhian movement promoting Swaraj and decentralisation of power reflected in Article 40 and 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act actualising Panchayati Raj dream.
Workers’ and peasant movements advocating labour rights are reflected in Article 39 ensuring equal pay and Article 43 promoting living wages for workers.
Conclusion: The author concludes the article with an example of ‘bread pakora’ , where an alien white bread is turned into an authentic Indian dish. In the similar fashion the Constitution of India is the testament of Indian genius that transformed the various western conceptions of polity, law and society to a pleasant version that suits India.
Context: The All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) in New Delhi has recently unveiled an AI-based solution to assist in the early detection of Breast Cancer.
Relevance of The Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Breast Cancer; New AI Cancer Detection Tool
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer results from abnormal growth in breast cells which form tumours.
Breast cancer cells begin inside the milk ducts and/or the milk-producing lobules of the breast. The cells can spread into nearby breast tissue and create tumours.
The earliest form (in situ) is not life-threatening if detected in early stages.
In later cases, invasive cancers can spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs (metastasize). Metastasis can be life-threatening and fatal.
Females at highest risk: Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.5–1% of breast cancers occur in men.
Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal of breasts etc.
Prevalence in India: Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in women in India. India ranks highest in the number of estimated breast cancer deaths (98,337) for the year 2022 among females.
Risk Factors:
Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer, they include-
Increasing age (females over 40 years).
Lifestyle factors: Obesity, harmful use of alcohol, tobacco use, history of radiation exposure etc.
Genetic factors: The risks of developing breast cancer are markedly increased in people who inherit mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
BRCA1 or BRCA2 are tumour suppressor genes present in both males and females. They produce proteins that repair DNA and are responsible for the stability of genetic material.
Mutations in these genes increase the chances of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer.
About New AI Cancer Detection Tool:
The All India Institute Of Medical Science (AIIMS) in New Delhi has recently unveiled an AI-based solution that assists with the early detection of Breast Cancer.
Aim: Improving early breast cancer detection and reducing mortality by identifying breast cancer patterns specific to Indian women.
The project is part of the Indian government’s flagship scheme to establish three Centres of Excellence (CoE) in AI, focusing on healthcare, agriculture, and sustainable cities.
How will the AI model work?
The AI model will first scan a five-year database of women tested for breast cancer at some medical institutions (presently pilot study- AIIMS Delhi, NCI Jhajjar and PGI Chandigarh) regardless if they were tested negative or had developed cancer.
For identifying Indian risk factors for breast cancer, ASHA workers will collect data (after detailed conversations with families about their personal health status and family history of diseases) which will be fed into the AI tool.
After analysing the data, the AI tool will predict the risk of developing breast cancer by combining a patient’s general test results with their lifestyle and family history data.
It will extract common risk factors and then recommend mammograms (specialised X-rays to check for signs of breast cancer) for women it thinks are cancer-prone.
It will also help codify what constitutes a no-risk category.
Benefits of AI Cancer detection Tool:
Facilitate early screening: AI-trained systems can recognise complex features in mammograms that indicate cancer, thus picking up even the smallest signs.
Data-profiling based on risk factors: AI can interpret the data pool and identify which women may need mammograms while reassuring others with low-risk profiles.
Reduce cost: The AI-trained systems would not require a radiologist, help reduce the amount of manual work involved in screening which can lower costs.
Facilitate cancer detection in remote areas: The tool can provideadvanced breast cancer screening, even in remote areas where there is a shortage of trained radiologists.
Presently, a pilot project has been initiated. If the AI tool is found to be effective, then an economic assessment will be conducted on the cost required to scale this up pan-India and take it up for licensing.
Context: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture has recently recommended that the Government should legalise Minimum Support Price (MSP) to ensure price stability and promote investment by farmers. On the other hand, the Supreme Court appointed Committee of Farm laws has opined that such a move would go against the interests of farmers as well as Indian Agriculture.
Relevance of the topic:
Prelims: Key aspects of Minimum Support Price (Determination of MSP, Difference between FRP and MSP)
Mains: Debate about Legalisation of MSP; Way Forward.
Details about Minimum Support Price (MSP) regime:
Declaration of MSP byCabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) based on the recommendations of the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
Coverage of Commodities: 22 commodities, which comprise 7 cereals (paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, barley and ragi), 5 pulses (gram, tur, moong, urad, lentil), 7 oilseeds (groundnut, rapeseed-mustard, soyabean, sesamum, sunflower, safflower, Niger seed), and 3 commercial crops (copra, cotton and raw jute).
Determinants of MSP:
Demand and Supply
Cost of Production
Price trends in the market, both domestic and international
inter-crop price parity
Terms of Trade (ToT) between agriculture and non-agriculture: ToT refers to the ratio of Prices received by Farmers on agricultural commodities to the Prices paid by the Farmers to purchase non-agricultural goods and services.
Likely implications of MSP on consumers of that product.
How are the MSPs fixed?
MSP is fixed at 1.5 times the cost of production.
Approaches to measure the cost of production:
A2 Approach, which includes the cost of inputs such as seeds, fertilizer, labour.
A2+FL Approach, which includes A2 and the implied cost of family labour (FL).
C2 Approach, which includes the implied rent on land and interest on capital assets and A2+FL.
Note: Presently, India follows A2+FL approach to declare MSP at 1.5 times the cost of production.
Difference between FRP and MSP:
Fair and Remunerative Price for Sugarcane is declared under Sugarcane control order 1966 issued under Essential commodities Act, 1955 and hence it enjoys legal status. It means that it is legally binding for the sugarcane Industries to purchase sugarcane from farmers at FRP, else it would be considered illegal.
However, MSP does not enjoy statutory recognition. This means that there is no onus on the traders to buy crops at MSP.
Debate about Legalisation of MSP:
Way Forward
As highlighted by Eco Survey 2019-20, in any free-market economy, Government intervention, sometimes though well intended, often ends up adversely affecting the market. Hence, rather than legalising MSP, the Government can focus on the following strategies:
Flexibility to the States: Legalisation of MSP can be prerogative of the States as per their specific agricultural policy priorities. The States can provide for a legal backing for such procurements at their own costs - as the recent Punjab Amendment Act does. Similarly, Kerala has recently announced MSP for fruits and vegetables. Some States also announce bonuses on the MSP announced by the Centre.
Reintroduce Farm laws (SC Appointed Committee on Farm Laws) to liberalise agriculture marketing and give freedom to farmers to sell the commodities wherever and whomever they want.
Promote Inverse Fork-to-Farm Strategy (Dalwai Panel): Encourage farmers to grow crops based upon the prevailing demand as it would fetch them higher prices.
Enhancing Bargaining power of Farmers: Even though the Government does not declare MSP for Milk, Farmers get higher prices as they have been organised into cooperatives. Hence, bargaining power of farmers can be enhanced through:
Strengthen futures market for efficient price discovery and hedging of risks by farmers (Eco Survey 2023-24)
Replace Open-ended Procurement policy by Closed ended procurement policy to discourage cultivation of Rice and Wheat. (SC appointed Committee on Farm Laws)
Bring Agricultural Marketing (Dalwai Panel) under Concurrent list for greater coordination between Centre and States.
Context:As the most populous nation in the world, India is facing a demographic dilemma. The dual challenge lies in harnessing the potential of its youthful population while addressing the growing burden of an ageing society.
Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Population Issues & Demographic Transition- Trends, Concerns.
India’s Demographic Transition:
Young Nation: India is among the youngest nations with a median age of 29 years and 65% of its population below the age of 35 years.
Regional Variation: All States, except Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh have witnessed their total fertility rate (TFR) declining below 2.1. TFR in Tamil Nadu is the lowest (1.4), followed by Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Kerala (1.5) and Karnataka (1.6), far below the national average of 2.0.
Increased Share of Working Age Population: India has been witnessing a growing proportion of its population in the working-age group, which presents an opportunity for economic growth.
Ageing Population: With low TFR levels and increased longevity, India is expected to witness a declining share of young population (<15 years). Also UNFPA’s “India ageing report 2023” postulates that the share of elderly (60+ years) in total population would nearly double from 10.5% in 2022 to 20.8% by 2050.
Steadily declining population growth rate: According to the UN, India’s population growth rate has been steadily declining since the 1990s. In 2021, the average annual rate of change of population was barely 1%. At this rate, India’s population will continue to grow, peak by 2060 and thereafter, start to decline.
Concerns for states with Ageing Population:
Due to massive strides in socio-economic development indicators like education, health, nutrition and employment, southern States have much more pronounced Population ageing vis-a-vis northern States.
Economic challenges:
Consequently, southern States face potential risks of declining future economic growth potential and rise in inbound migration.
Political challenges:
Chances of significant potential decline in resource transfers from the Centre and erosion of political representation in Parliament after next delimitation exercise.
This could accentuate the already widening trust deficit between the Centre and States, eventually leading to “confrontationist federalism”, instead of “cooperative federalism”.
Social challenges:
The rapidly evolving uneven demographic landscape could exacerbate inter-State migration — from the northern and eastern States to the more affluent southern States.
This demographic rebalancing can create social disharmony, economic slowdown, political disequilibrium, and constitutional complications.
Way Forward:
Tapping into the potential of the Silver Economy: Harnessing the “silver dividend" by expanding safety nets, fostering care economy, and support systems for the greying population.
Investing in Human Capital: To harness the demographic dividend, it is crucial to invest in health, education, and skill development. This will enhance the productivity of the workforce and ensure sustainable economic growth.
Addressing the Increasing Share of the Elderly Population:
As the old age population grows, it is essential to establish a robust social security net that includes pensions, provident funds, and insurance to provide financial stability.
Develop geriatrics care infrastructure, including care homes and assisted living devices, to support the elderly population effectively.
Consider increasing the retirement age to align with changing demographics and ensure a sustainable workforce.
Facilitating Inter-State Migration: With variations in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) levels among states, mass inter-state migration may occur. To accommodate this, the government should:
Invest in mass transport infrastructure to facilitate easy movement.
Implement the three-language formula to ease integration.
Remove local quotas on jobs to promote equitable access to employment opportunities.
Delimitation of Constituencies: Adjusting the delimitation of constituencies and changing representation in Parliament according to shifting demographics will ensure fair representation and address the needs of diverse populations.
Adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Utilising AI can help address labor shortages in certain states by automating processes and improving efficiency, thus complementing the existing workforce.
Consolidation of Primary Schools: In light of the declining share of the young population, consolidating or merging primary schools can enhance their viability.
Conclusion: The Union government needs to frame pragmatic policies to manage demographic transition and reap demographic dividend. By implementing these policies, the government can effectively navigate demographic changes, promote economic stability, and ensure that all citizens benefit from the evolving socio-economic landscape.
Context: After sweeping Presidential and Parliamentary elections, Sri Lankan President Dissanayake is on his maiden visit to India. He met the Indian Prime Minister and has requested to continue its grants assistance to Sri Lanka and help it tide over its economic problems.
Mains: India and its Neighbourhood relations- India & Srilanka.
Key Takeaways from the Visit
Security: Two leaders discussed various issues including regional security, digital infrastructure, connectivity, and energy projects, as well as the Tamil issue and rights of fishermen.
It is to be noted that India has often raised concern about Chinese ships berthing in Sri Lankan ports.
Financial Assistance: India announced it would convert loans given to Sri Lanka into grants for railway signalling systems and the Kankesanthurai port and extended a $20.66 million grant to settle payment for projects already completed, which had originally been signed under a ‘Letter of Credit’ or loan.
Energy Security: The two countries agreed to continue their partnership on energy projects, including connecting to a common grid, an India-Sri Lanka “multi-product pipeline” with UAE support, LNG supplies, and completing the Sampur coal power project.
Training and Capacity Building: India agreed to train 1,500 Sri Lankan civil servants over five years and to explore further training programs in various sectors.
Cooperation in Education and Technology: Both leaders agreed to expand collaboration in research and development in sectors such as agriculture, aquaculture, digital economy, health and other areas of mutual interest and cooperation between Start-up India and Information Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka (ICTA), for mentorship for Sri Lankan start-ups.
Provincial Elections: PM Modi also requested Mr. Dissanayake tofulfil their commitment towards fully implementing the Constitution of Sri Lanka and conducting the Provincial Council Elections.
Cooperation at Multilateral forums: President Dissanayake has requested India to support Sri Lanka’s bid to join the extended BRICS grouping of emerging economies and for India’s intervention on the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (UNCLCS) for the establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond Exclusive Economic Zone, which Sri Lanka has asked for.
Significance of Sri Lanka for India:
Strategic: India and Sri Lanka share membership in SAARC, BIMSTEC and IORA.
Sri Lanka is also important for India in its ambitions to become a net security provider in the Indian ocean.
Pursuing Strong ties with Sri Lanka is an integral part of India’s Neighborhood first policy.
Trade and Investment: Sri Lanka is one of India’s largest trading partners in South Asia. India in turn is Sri Lanka’s largest trade partner globally. Exports from India to Sri Lanka in 2016 were US$ 3.83 billion.
Sri Lanka also provides investment opportunities for Indian Infrastructure companies. E.g., Colombo port west terminal project.
India and Sri Lanka entered into a Free trade agreement in 2000. The two countries are negotiating the Economic and Technology Co-operation Agreement (ETCA).
Debt relief: India played a key role in Sri Lanka debt relied on deals from the IMF.
Digital Payments: Agreement to operationalize UPI-based digital payments for enhancing trade and transactions between businesses and common people.
Digital Public Infrastructure: Leverage India’s Digital Public Infrastructure in accordance with Sri Lanka’s requirements.
Connectivity: Transshipment ports of Sri Lankan like Colombo and Hambantota handle huge cargo that comes to India, since India did not fully develop a transshipment port in the southern Coast.
Maritime Connectivity: Cooperation in developing ports and logistics at Colombo, Trincomalee, and Kankesanthurai to consolidate regional logistics and shipping. o Development Focus: Ports and logistics development at Colombo, Trincomalee, and Kankesanthurai.
Maritime Security Cooperation: Inauguration of the Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) to enhance maritime security, with installations across Sri Lanka’s coastline.
Trade, Economic, and Financial Connectivity: Operationalise UPI-based digital payments to enhance trade and transactions.
People-to-People Connectivity.
Energy and Power Connectivity:
Power Grid Interconnection: Plan to establish a high-capacity power grid interconnection for electricity trade between Sri Lanka and other regional countries.
Undersea Transmission Line: Ongoing project for a USD 1.2 billion undersea transmission line linking Sri Lanka’s power grid with India to ensure energy security.
Tourism: Huge scope for religious tourism (Buddhist tourism) and medical tourism (Sri Lankan patients frequently visit Chennai for medical treatment)
Issue and Challenges in Relationship:
Ethnic issues: The long drawn ethnic conflicts and human rights violation of Tamils, lack of proper rehabilitation and insufficient devolution of powers (Under 13th Amendment act) to the northern Tamil provinces strained the relation between the two countries.
UNHRC resolution: India voted against Sri Lanka in UNHRC resolutions in the past (2012 & 2013).
Fishermen issues: Sri Lankan fishermen object to Indians using bottom trawlers and fishing illegally along their coast, which often leads to arrests of the Indians. The dispute status of Kachateevu islands is still not resolved.
Growing trust deficit:
Scrapping of Indian infrastructure projects like Colombo east container terminal project at a time when China is increasing its investments in the same Colombo port city.
India’s passive response to Sri Lanka’s request for a debt repayment waiver for 3 years and a separate currency swap for $1 billion to help with the economic crisis.
China factor:
Recently, Sri Lanka gave approval to the Chinese funded ‘Colombo port city’ with some autonomy.
China has developed the Hambantota port which was later leased to it for a period of 99 years.
Sri Lanka has already endorsed the Belt & Road Initiative of China.
India has often raised concern about Chinese ships berthing in Sri Lankan ports.
Katchatheevu Island Issue
Geographical Location: A 285-acre island located within the maritime boundary line of Sri Lanka. Proximity to India and Sri Lanka: Situated 33 km off the Indian coast to the northeast of Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and southwest of Sri Lanka’s Delft Island.
Historical Control and Ownership:
Ramanad Kingdom: The island was historically under the control of Ramanad Raja, a zamindari in Ramanathapuram in the Madras Presidency during British rule (1795 to 1803).
Disputed Claims
India and Sri Lanka's Claims: Both countries have been claiming Katchatheevu since at least 1921, following a survey that placed the island within Sri Lanka’s boundaries.
Contestation by British Indian Delegation: The British Indian delegation contested Sri Lanka's claim, citing the historical ownership of the Ramanad kingdom.
1974 Agreement
Indira Gandhi’s Tenure: In 1974, during Indira Gandhi's tenure as Prime Minister, India and Sri Lanka signed an agreement that transferred Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka.
Fishermen's Rights: The agreement allowed Indian fishermen "access to Katchatheevu for rest, drying of nets, and participation in the annual St. Anthony’s festival."
Lack of Clarity on Fishing Rights: The agreement did not specify the fishing rights of Indian fishermen, leaving a critical issue unresolved.
Context: Ongoing winter session of parliament has seen speeches from various political parties highlighting the importance of constitutionalism and constitution as a living document. In this context, let us understand these concepts.
Relevance of the Topic: Essay and Mains: Key aspects of Constitutionalism in India.
What is Constitutionalism?
Constitutionalism in India refers to the principle that government authority is derived from and limited by a constitution, which serves as the supreme law of the land.
It ensures that power is exercised within a framework that protects individual rights and liberties, thereby preventing arbitrary governance.
According to Douglas Greenberg, “Constitutionalism is a commitment to limitations on ordinary political power, it revolves around a political process which overlaps with democracy in seeking to balance state power and individual and collective rights, it draws on cultural and historical contexts from which it emanates, and it resides in public consciousness.”
Constitutionalism can be of Positive and Negative nature:
Negative Constitutionalism: Views constitutions as a way to limit the state's political power. This model treats the arbitrary powers of state as a threat to liberty of citizens and views constitutionalism as a way to mitigate that threat.
Positive Constitutionalism: Views constitutions as a way to make the state's political power effective. This model acknowledges the need for constitutional structures to guard against abuses of power, but also focuses on creating an effective and competent institution that works for the good of its people (welfare state).
According to Professor M.P. Singh if a constitution ignores accommodation and respect for diversity and plurality in a society then it fails to meet the requirement of constitutionalism.
Furthermore, merely having a written Constitution is no guarantee for Constitutionalism, even Nazi Germany had a constitution but that does not mean that it adhered to the philosophy of Constitutionalism be it a negative or positive aspect of it.
Supreme Court of India has made the following observations in this context:
SR Chaudhari vs State of Punjab: “Mere existence of a constitution, by itself, does not ensure constitutionalism. What is important is the political traditions of the people and its spirit and determination to work out its constitutional salvation through the chosen system of its political organisation.”
Unless primacy to democratic policies and individual rights is not given, Constitutionalism cannot survive.
Subtle assaults to individual rights, especially freedom of Speech and Expression and Privacy, such as sedition laws, surveillance laws, undermine Constitutionalism.
RC Poudyal vs UOI: “Mere existence of a constitution, by itself, does not ensure constitutionalism or a constitutional culture. It is the political maturity and traditions of people that give meaning to a constitution which otherwise would merely embody the political hopes and ideals”.
Key aspects of Constitutionalism in India:
State by Constitution: Indian constitution delineates the character and structure of the Indian State. The powers and extent of the Indian State are limited by the Constitution. E.g., Separation of power, federal structure etc.
Rule of Law: Constitutionalism emphasises the rule of law, meaning that all actions taken by the state must be grounded in law. This principle is fundamental to maintaining order and justice within society.
Fundamental Rights: The rights act as the safeguard against arbitrary state actions. In IR Coelho vs state of TN, S.C. reaffirmed that Fundamental Rights form part of Basic Structure of Indian Constitution.
Written Constitution: Written Constitution provides for a limited government with powers divided among the three organs of the government.
Separation of Power: In NCT of Delhi VS UOI, The court observed: Constitutionalism lies in the distribution of power among state organs, ensuring reciprocal controls and cooperation.
Judicial Review: The Supreme Court upholds constitutionalism through its power of judicial review. It has the authority to invalidate laws and executive actions that violate basic structure, thereby protecting citizens' rights.
Democratic Framework: Democratic framework which includes regular elections and equal participation in governance also contributes to constitutionalism. This ensures that the government remains accountable to the people.
Indian Constitution as a Living Document:
Almost like a living being, the Indian Constitution keeps responding to the circumstances arising from time to time, thus showing flexibility, adaptability, and accommodation towards social changes.
Role of Judiciary: Judiciary has played an important role in not only saving the essence of the Constitution but also in its evolution.
Basic structure Doctrine: Propounded in the famous Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973 it restricts the Parliament from altering the essential features of the Constitution or what the Supreme Court termed as the Basic Structure. Basic structure includes various Constitutional ideals such as secularism, rule of law, federalism etc.
Judicial Activism: The courts have brought transformative changes through a broad reading of our Constitution. For example, the Supreme Court in its landmark judgment in Justice Puttaswamy case recognised Right to Privacy as a part of Fundamental Rights under Article 21.
