Daily Current Affairs

2024

Current Affairs

What is the H-1B Visa?

Context: The US President elect Donald Trump’s supporters are locked in a public row about skilled immigration and H-1B visa.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about H-1B Visa. 

What is the H-1B Visa?

  • The H-1B  is a Visa in the United States that allows the US employers to employ high skilled foreign workers in specialised occupations. The programme was started in 1990.
  • Criterion: Specialty Occupation refers to a job that requires a specific set of specialised skills and educational qualifications.
    • Educational Requirement: At least a Bachelor's degree or higher in a specific field of study. 
    • Specialised Knowledge: Expertise in a particular field like- IT specialists, engineers, scientists, healthcare professionals etc.
    • Complex and specialised duties associated with the position.

Eligibility Criteria- Visa Requirements for Employees:

  • Education: A person should possess a Bachelor’s degree or higher (or its equivalent) in a specific field directly related to the offered position.  
  • Job Offer: A person must have a legitimate job offer from a U.S. employer for a specialty occupation.
  • Work Experience: Depending on the specific occupation and degree, one may be required to demonstrate relevant work experience in the field.
  • Licensing: If the occupation requires a license to practice in the state of intended employment, the employee must generally possess that license before the H-1B petition can be approved. 

Duration and Cap

Duration:

  • H-1B status is initially granted for three years but can be extended to another three years (maximum of 6 years). 
  • After 6 years the visa holder has to either leave the US for a period of at least 12 months before returning or apply for and receive permanent residence that is a green card.
  • There is no capping on the number of H1-B Visas that an individual can have in his/her lifetime. 

Cap: 

  • Currently, the annual numerical limit is 85,000 for H-1B visas (65,000 new status visas and extra 20,000 visas available to those with a Master’s degree or higher from the US universities.)
  • Some H-1B petitions are exempt from the annual cap. (E.g., those for employees of institutions of higher education, non-profit research organisations, or governmental research organisations)

Debate over H-1B Visas

  • H-1B Visa has been the highly desired pathway for jobseekers including Indians to migrate to the US.
  • People born in India are the largest beneficiaries of the H-1B programme. 
  • Data from the US government show that Indians account for more than 70% of all H-1B  petitions approved each year since 2015.
Debate over H-1B Visas
  • Immigration is one of the most polarising political issues in the US. Much of the election time anti-immigration rhetoric focused on low skilled labour migration.
    • Critics of the H-1B program claim that this program has been misused by tech corporations to staff their low to mid-level workforce for much less pay than what Americans would demand.
    • They are of the view that such immigration depresses wages and takes away jobs that would have otherwise gone to the American working class.
    • President elect Mr. Trump has encashed on such sentiments and has promised improved conditions for working American Middle Class by curbing immigration.
  • Proponents of H-1B visa argue that this programme is essential for bridging the skill gaps in the USA and wages are market driven. Since, China and India boast the highest number of STEM graduates (more than 6 million combined) in the World. When compared to the number of STEM graduates in the US (nearly 8 lakh), they become critical and vital for the economy. 

Nascent Arbitration Ecosystem in India

Context: The government has proposed an amendment to the Commercial Courts Act 2015 aiming to expedite commercial dispute resolution.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Terms related to Alternate Dispute redressal.

Mains: Analysis of status of Alternate Dispute Redressal in India.

Major Highlights:

  • The government is working to establish dedicated Commercial Courts with jurisdiction and power conferred under Commercial Court Act 2015. 
  • The goal is to:
    • Institutionalise, license and regulate Arbitration in India. 
    • Prompt institutionalisation of the Arbitration Council of India (established under 2019 amendment) to standardise arbitration across the country.  

What is Arbitration? 

  • Arbitration is a method of resolving disputes outside the traditional Court System. It involves neutral third parties, known as arbitrators, agreed upon by the disputing parties. 
  • Key Characteristics of Arbitration:
    • Voluntary in nature involving mutual consent of the parties prior to the contract. 
    • Flexibility as compared to formal court procedures. 
    • Binding and non-binding depending upon the nature of agreement. 
Arbitration

About the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill 2024

  • The bill is drafted to amend the Arbitration Act 1996, as per the recommendations of Justice Srikrishna Committee. 
  • Earlier Amendments in Act of 1996:
    • The 2015 Amendment was aimed to reduce court intervention and make the act more user-friendly. 
    • The 2019 Amendment to create an independent body to grade arbitral institutions named Arbitration Council of India. 
    • The 2021 Amendment to reduce frauds, specify the arbitrators qualifications and promote global competitiveness. 
  • Key Features of the Proposed Bill of 2024:
    • Define Arbitration Institutions as a body that conducts arbitration proceedings under its own rules or as agreed by parties, streamlining the arbitration process. 
    • Recognising Institutions: The bill shifts from grading to recognising the arbitration institutions, focusing on their accreditation and the provision of model procedural rules. 
    • Introduction of Appellate Tribunal: Arbitration Appellate Tribunal to further reduce court interventions in the awards. 
    • Emergency Arbitration provisions for interim relief before the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. 
    • Time limit: The court must decide on arbitration referral within 60 days.

Benefits of the Proposed Amendments

  • Promoting institutionalisation of arbitration procedure in India by addressing loopholes. 
  • Reduce court interventions by proposing appellate tribunal. 
  • Timely conclusion of disputes by proposing time limits for courts to referral for arbitration. 
  • Providing interim relief by providing provision for emergency relief. 

Challenges Associated with Arbitration Ecosystem in India

  • Nascent Institutionalisation: The Arbitration Council of India (ACI), established under the 2019 amendment, became operational only in 2023.  
  • Delay in Awards: Arbitration awards are often delayed due to delay in court referral and appeal in courts. 
  • Lack of Awareness: The arbitration is predominantly utilised by large businesses. Small and medium businesses are still unaware about the process.  
  • Competition: Indian Arbitration faces stiff competition from Singapore's arbitration due to its effectiveness and user-friendly practices. 

Conclusion: Arbitration is the key to address commercial disputes to enhance ease of doing business and reduce judicial pendency. Institutionalisation, hassle free process and quality arbitrators need to be provided to make arbitration effective in India.

Houthi Rebels becoming keystone of Iran's 'Axis of Resistance’

Context: With the end of Bashar-al-Assad's regime in Syria, the Houthi rebels have gained importance in Iran's axis of resistance against the US and Israel.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Organisations and location based questions from the middle east.

Mains: Impact of middle-east tensions on India.

image 214

What is the Axis of Resistance?

  • The 'Axis of the Resistance’ refers to the political and military alliances led by Iran and is composed of state and non-state actors in the Middle-East. 
  • The axis comprises Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Syrian armed forces, Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, certain militias in Iraq, and Houthi forces in Yemen. 
  • Key goals of Alliance:
    • Oppose Israel: The central ideology of the group is to oppose Israel advances in Gaza and help Palestine to gain control over the territory. 
    • Anti-American: The alliance is against the US military presence and its cultural influence in the middle east. Example: Islamic revolution in Iran demonstrated anti-Americanism. 
    • Regional Dominance: Axis of resistance focus on the dominance of the Shia sect of Islam, predominantly by creating a 'Shia crescent’ including Lebanon, Iraq and Syria. 
    • Resistance to Sunni powers: The alliance is focused against the Sunni-majority states including Saudi Arabia, and UAE as they are aligned with the US. 
  • Means and modes used to sustain Ideology:
    • Military campaigns as members are actively involved in several conflicts like Syrian civil war, Iraq fight against ISIS and Yemen's civil war. 
    • Proxy warfare by helping non-state actors like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF). 
    • Diplomatic alliance- Axis is focused to counter USA by hand holding alliance with Russia and China for weapons and logistical support. 
image 215

About Houthi Rebels

  • Houthis, originally known as Ansar Allah (i.e. supporters of God) are predominantly Shia Muslims and a political military group of Yemen. 
  • The group is focused on opposing the USA and Israel. Also, they oppose Saudi Arabia and UAE to favour Sunni sects of Islam. 

Role of Houthis in Axis of Resistance

  • Opposing US allies: The Houthis attack Saudi Arabia from the Yemen border as it is a US ally in the region. 
  • Block trade: Location of Houthi is at a crucial choke point i.e., Bal el-Mandeb strait allows them to attack the vessels with short range rockets leading to damage or rise in vessel insurance premium, disrupting trade. 
  • Symbol of resistance: Houthis continue terrorist attacks on Saudi Arabia and US supported Yemen government to show resistance. 
image 216

Impact on India due to these regional dynamics:

  • Impacting energy security: Houthi attack on vessels can destabilise the Indian supply of crude oil via Bab el-Mandeb and Red Sea. 
  • Expensive Maritime trade: Indian vessels due to attack by Houthis either take the route of Cape of Good Hope or need to pay heavy premium on vessel insurances. Both make maritime trade expensive for India. 
  • Safety of India Diaspora: Any escalation in the situation leading to war like situation can risk the safety of 2.5 Million Indians in Saudi Arabia. 
  • Geopolitical Challenge: Violence and continuous proxy-war will demean India efforts to balance relations with the US and Iran. 
  • Spillover effect: In case of escalation the tensions may spill to the Horn of Africa making a new challenge to balance relations with Djibouti and Somalia. 

What should be India's course of action in these complicated situations?

  • India should follow a pragmatic approach with a balance of Idealism containing values like humanity, peace and growth of the region. 
  • India needs to strengthen trade ties with the Middle East, continuously engage with Iran, ensure diaspora security, build a strong naval presence in the Indian Ocean and diversify the energy basket to sail over the tides of challenges in the region. 

Interest rate cuts likely in Small Savings Scheme

Context: The government is likely to cut interest rates on small savings schemes from April 2025, after a significant time period of steady rates since October 2022. The decision is likely influenced by falling G-Sec yields and monetary policy dynamics.

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Small Savings Scheme- Prelims-related facts.

Mains: Small Savings Scheme- Benefits, Limitations.

What are Small Savings Schemes?

  • Small Savings Schemes are a group of government-backed financial instruments intended to encourage people to save regularly at any age.
  • The depositors get an assured interest on their money. They are the major source of household savings in India.
  • They are popular as they provide returns higher than bank fixed deposits, sovereign guarantee and tax benefits.

About Small Savings Schemes in India

small savings schemes
  • Small savings instruments can be classified under three heads:
    • Postal deposits comprise savings accounts, recurring deposits, time deposits of varying maturities, and monthly income scheme.
    • Savings certificates: National Savings Certificates (NSC); Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP)
    • Social security schemes: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana; Public Provident Fund (PPF); Senior Citizens Saving Scheme (SCSS); Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC).
  • All collections under the small savings are credited to the National Small Savings Fund (NSSF) in the Public Account of India. 
  • The interest rates are revised every quarter based on the G-Sec yields of the previous three months.
  • A certain amount of NSSF is invested in the Central and State Government securities. 
  • The fund is administered by the Department of Economic Affairs under the Ministry of Finance.
image 213

Kisan Vikas Patra:

  • KVP was initially launched as a small saving scheme certificate to encourage farmers to save for the long term. However, the scheme is now open to all Indian citizens over 18.

National Savings Certificates:

  • NSCs can be purchased from any Post Office in India. These are issued for five year maturity and can be pledged to banks as collateral for availing loans. The holder gets the tax benefit under Section 80C of Income Tax Act, 1961.

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana:

  • It aims to secure the financial future of girl children under the age of 10. It matures 21 years after opening or at the time of marriage (whichever is earlier). Allows 50% withdrawal of the amount after the girl child turns 18.

Benefits of the Small Savings Schemes

  • Regular income: The schemes like SCSS provide regular income to vulnerable groups like senior citizens.
  • Encourages saving habit: Low entry values for savings investment enables even small investors to practice saving.
  • Financial Inclusion: Postal deposits schemes and Kisan Vikas Patras encourage savings in rural and other un-banked areas.
  • Tax benefits: Investments in Small Savings schemes are eligible for tax deductions under the Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
  • Women Empowerment: Specialised schemes like Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana and Mahila Samman Savings Certificate empower women and girls financially.
  • Safety and Security: Having sovereign guarantee, small savings schemes are a secure investment option with minimal risk.

Limitations of the Small Savings Schemes

  • Inflation-related risk: Returns, at times, might not be in line with the prevailing inflation rate, thus reducing the real value of savings.
  • Taxable returns: Interests earned on certain schemes are taxable.
  • Lack of flexibility: Most schemes require fixed contributions, hence, there is little flexibility in investment amounts.
  • Comparatively Lower Returns: Returns are fixed and can be lower than high-yield investments like mutual funds or equities.
  • Low liquidity: Schemes, like PPF and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, have long lock-in periods, restricting premature withdrawals.

Logistics Sector in India

Context: Presently, the logistics sector in India is valued at $250 billion and contributes to 14% to India’s GDP. Given its crucial role in supply chains, experts remain bullish on the future growth prospects of the sector. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Logistics Sector- Present scenario, Initiatives, Way Forward

Logistics Sector- Present scenario, Initiatives

Present Scenario of Logistics Sector in India

  • Higher logistics cost in India (12-14% of GDP), compared to 8-10% global benchmark.
  • Logistics cost slid 0.8-0.9 percentage points of GDP between FY14-22.
  • India is elevated to the 38th rank (among 139 nations) in the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index Report, 2023.
  • The logistics sector demonstrated resilience as it accelerated transition from unorganised to a structured industry.
image 211

Initiatives to boost the Logistics Sector in India

  • National Logistics Policy, 2022:
    • Aim: achieve ‘quick last-mile delivery', end transport-related challenges.
    • Logistics costs to be cut by half to be near global benchmarks by 2030.
    • India aims to be among the top 10 in the Logistics Performance Index by 2030.
  • PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan:
    • Essentially, a digital platform that brings 16 ministries together for integrated planning and coordinated implementation of infrastructure connectivity projects.
  • Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP):
    • Aim: to collapse all logistics and transport sector digital services into a single portal.
    • ULIP platform enables the industry players to get secure access to information related to logistics and resources available with various Ministries.
  • Logistics Data Bank:
    • It serves as a single-window container logistics visualization system, providing comprehensive tracking using container numbers. 
    • This system tracks containers between ports and their hinterlands, including Inland Container Depots (ICDs), Container Freight Stations (CFSs), port-associated parking plazas, toll plazas, railway stations, industrial corridors, SEZs, and empty yards, etc. during EXIM and domestic journeys.
  • National Logistics Portal- Marine (NLP-Marine):
    • NLP Marine is a one-stop platform aimed at connecting all the stakeholders of the logistics community using IT.
    • The activities of NLP Marine are categorized into four distinct verticals:
      • Carrier 
      • Cargo 
      • Banking and Finance 
      • Regulatory Bodies and Participating Government Agencies (PGAs). 

Role of GST in Logistics Sector

  • GST has played a crucial role in reducing logistics cost.
  • ‘One Nation One Tax’ regime has cut waiting time of trucks at inter-state borders, significantly reducing travel time by 30%.
  • This has reduced the logistics cost and increased the average distance covered by trucks. 

Further Scope for Logistics Development in India

  • Deeper digital adoption and intensified focus on risk management has resulted in transformative changes in the Indian logistics sector in 2024.
  • “China-plus-one-strategy” adopted by various multinational companies further reaffirms India’s critical position in global supply chains.
  • Supporting policies like giving Infrastructure status to ‘Warehousing’ and expanded FDIs accelerate the development of multi-client warehousing facilities.
  • The 11.1% rise in capital expenditure for infrastructure signals significant growth opportunities in the sector.

Way Forward

  • Need for skilling
    • To fully unlock the potential of the sector, enhancing workforce skills is crucial.
  • Capitalise on global trade opportunities
    • Policies strengthening the growth of e-Commerce, demand for faster delivery, export expansion driven by PLI schemes can accelerate goods movement.
  • Streamlining Government initiatives
    • Initiatives like UDAN (promoting regional air connectivity) and NLP, will cut logistics cost by 4-5%, enhancing competition in global markets.
  • Multi-modal connectivity
    • Strengthen Maritime connectivity projects to hasten transformation from land-based to coastal transportation.
    • Implement India Ports Bill for the development of the ports sector and increasing its share in logistics.

Logistics has a crucial role in supply chains — whether road, rail, air, waterways or warehouses. India’s ambition of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2027, strongly depends on the development of the logistics sector. Government interventions like cutting costs and focusing on reskilling and upskilling can be a game-changer.

What are Endocrine Glands?

About Endocrine glands

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Basic understanding of static concepts in Biology. 

  • The endocrine system is a network of glands and organs located throughout the body. It plays a vital role in controlling and regulating many of the body's functions.
  • Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products (hormones) directly into the blood. 
  • Major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testicles, thyroid gland, thymus, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.
image 210
S.No. Endocrine glands Location Function 
1. Pituitary gland (Master gland)Base of the Brain • Releases various hormones like Human growth hormone 

• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (stimulates Thyroxin production)

• Prolactin (stimulate milk production post child-birth) 
2. HypothalamusBrain • Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the Pituitary gland.

• Regulates body temperature; hunger, thirst.

• Releases Dopamine (feel good hormone), Oxytocin (role in parturition, lactation) and Vasopressin (regulation of water and sodium homeostasis). 
3. Pineal glandBrain • Releases Melatonin

• Melatonin plays a key role in sleep cycle (regulates circadian rhythm). 
4. Thyroid glandNeck • Releases Thyroxine.

• Thyroxine controls metabolism, energy production, body temperature and growth.
5. Parathyroid glandNeck (behind the Thyroid) • Releases Parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the bones and blood.
6. Thymus Upper Chest • Development of Immune system cells (T-cells)
7. Adrenal glandAbove the Kidneys• Produces Adrenaline (activates specific physiological reactions or fight-or-flight response)

• Produces Cortisol (or stress hormone) which helps the body in responding to stress by increasing heart rate, elevating blood sugar levels etc.
8. TestesIn the scrotum (only in Males)• Releases Testosterone

• Testosterone promotes growth and development of the male reproductive structures; Increased skeletal and muscular growth; Enlargement of the larynx and voice changes; growth of body hair
9. Ovaries In the pelvic region (only in Females)• Releases Estrogen and Progesterone. 

• Estrogen promotes development of the breasts; distribution of fat in the hips & legs; maturation of reproductive organs (uterus and vagina).

• Progesterone causes the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for pregnancy. 
10. PancreasBehind the Stomach • To control blood sugar levels by producing Insulin and Glucagon. 

Poor Electoral Participation of Overseas Indian Voters

Context: According to the data released by the Election Commission, 1,19,374 citizens are registered as overseas electors in 2024. However, only 2,958 overseas electors flew down to India to participate in the General Elections. Of these, a maximum of 2,670 were from Kerala alone.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about Overseas Voters; Proxy voting in India; Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System

Background:

  • The government of India has provisions to allow its citizens to cast a vote during an election in three different ways:
    • in Person
    • though Postal Voting
    • through Proxy Voting. 

About Overseas Elector/Voter

Definition:

  • An overseas elector is a person who is a citizen of India and is eligible to be registered as a voter and who is absent from his place of ordinary residence in India owing to employment, education etc. 
  • He is eligible to be registered as a voter in the constituency as mentioned in his passport. 
  • According to the provisions of Section 20A of the Representation of People Act, 1950, an Non Residential Indian (NRI) settled in foreign land can become an elector in the electoral roll in India.

 Eligibility: 

  • Every Indian citizen, who has attained the age of 18 years on the qualifying date, is eligible to be registered as a voter in the roll of the part/polling area of the constituency where he is ordinarily resident.
  • A person who is not a citizen of India is not eligible for registration as a voter in the electoral rolls in India. 
  • Those who have ceased to be citizens of India on acquiring the citizenship of another country are not eligible to be enrolled in the electoral rolls in India.

Process for an Overseas Indian (NRI) to get Registered in the Electoral Roll:

  • He has to file an application for the purpose in prescribed Form 6A before the Electoral Registration Officer of the constituency within which the place of ordinary residence of the applicant in India as given in his passport.
  • The application accompanied by self-attested copy of the relevant documents can be filed:
    • in person before the concerned Electoral Registration Officer / Assistant Electoral Registration Officer or 
    • sent by post addressed to him or 
    • can be filed online on the website of the Chief Electoral Officer of the concerned state or the website of the Election Commission of India.
  • Overseas Indians are not eligible for Proxy voting as of now.

Proxy Voting in India and Overseas Voters:

  • Proxy voting allows a registered elector to delegate his voting rights to a representative he nominates. 
  • Proxy voting is not available to overseas voters, it is currently limited to classified service voters serving in the armed forces or paramilitary forces only. The proxy also must be a registered voter of the same constituency.
    • In 2018, the 16th Lok Sabha passed a bill to allow proxy voting rights to eligible overseas Indians. The bill, however, could not be brought to the Rajya Sabha.
    • In 2020, the ECI proposed to the Union Law Ministry to extend the Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) facility to eligible overseas Indian voters. So far, it is available only to the service voters.
    • Since it requires changes in the election rules, the government has so far not taken a call on the issue.

Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS):

  • The Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) is developed by the ECI and implemented in line with the existing Postal Ballot System. 
  • Postal Ballot will be transmitted through electronic means to the voters. It enables the voters to cast their vote on an electronically received postal ballot from their preferred location, which is outside their originally assigned voting constituency, and send back the marked postal ballot through the post.
  • In the ETPBS system this postal ballot is sent in two parts i.e., e-Postal Ballot and e-PB PIN.
    • The e-Postal Ballot is sent to the Unit officer of the service officer which will be a password protected PDF. 
    • Similarly the e-PB PIN will be sent to the Record officer of the service voter. 
  • The Service voter has to collect e-PB and e-PB PIN from both officers, take print outs and follow the instructions to cast the vote. The e-PB needs to be sent on the provided address before the counting date by Post.
image 207
image 209

Hence, at present the overseas voters in India can only vote by being physically present at their polling station. The facility of Proxy voting and the Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) are not yet available to them. 

India-Australia Trade Agreement 

Context: The Ministry of Commerce has released data on Indo-Australian Trade relations, as nations visited the 2 year milestone of Indo-Australian Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ETCA) trade deal. 

Relevance of the topic:

Prelims: Basics of FTA, CEPA and ETCA.

Mains: Dynamics related to Indo-Australian trade relations; Issues related to CEPA. 

Major Highlights:

  • Export utilisation of Indo-Australian Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ETCA) has reached 79%. While the import utilisation has reached 84%.
    • Trade Utilisation of a free trade agreement (FTA) indicates the extent to which the trade benefits from the agreement. 
    • It provides insights into whether businesses are effectively leveraging the FTA or finding its concession procedures burdensome. 
  • Data also reveals that the trade between India and Australia has declined.
    • As compared to $4.89 Billion during six months from April to September 2023, exports to Australia have declined to $3.99 Billion in the same period during 2024, marking a 18% decline. 
    • Imports also witnessed an 18% decline during the same period. 

About Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA)

  • Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement is a bilateral trade agreement aimed at enhancing the economic ties between India and Australia. 
  • It was signed on April 2, 2022 and came into force in December 2022
  • Key aspects of ETCA:
    • Tariff Reduction: Australia eliminated 96% tariffs on Indian goods. While India offered concessions in coal, wine and agricultural produce to Australia.
    • Market access: Both nations provided market access to sectors like pharmaceuticals, education, healthcare and information technology. 
    • Enhanced professional mobility: Indian IT and healthcare professionals gain improved access to the Australian market. 
    • Rule of origin: Agreement includes rules of origin clause to avoid benefits to any third party. 
  • ETCA can be considered as the foundational stone for the upcoming Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA). 
image 205

About Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)

  • The Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement is an extension of the ETCA, for which negotiations are undergoing between India and Australia. 
  • It aims at broadening the scope of the agreement including areas like investment protection, intellectual property rights (IPR), digital trade, government procurement and regulatory framework. 
  • Key Goals of CECA:
    • Comprehensive access to goods-services across various sectors involving finance, education, medical etc,.
    • Enhanced mobility for skilled professionals, students and workers between the two nations. 
    • Digital trade collaboration to boost e-commerce 
    • Innovation collaboration in sustainable means like clean energy. 
  • Concerns regarding CECA
    • Agriculture and dairy sector farmers in India are apprehensive about increased Australian agriculture products reading their income due to competition.
    • Labour mobility issue: India wants IT professionals, paramedic staff, students and workers to have free mobility. But Australia opposes these conceptions due to concerns of locals. 
    • IPR: Australia wants a strict IPR regime, while India on the other hand is concerned about these stricter norms as it can impact the generic drug market of India. 
  • Current status: Negotiations for the CECA began following the success of the ETCA. Both countries have expressed strong political will to finalise the agreement, though there are certain sensitive issues like agriculture, intellectual property rights and labour mobility that require comprehensive discussion and consensus. 
image 206

Conclusion: Both ETCA and CECA are crucial for boosting the trade between India and Australia. But concerns of farmers, labourers and professionals need to be taken under consideration with a detailed discussion. A well discussed development of CECA will open a new route for the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). 

PM Internship Scheme

Context: As per the Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs, the pilot scheme of the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme has received approximately 6.21 lakh applications against 1.27 lakh opportunities under the scheme.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme. 

About Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme

  • The scheme was announced in the Budget 2024-25. 
  • Initiative of: Ministry of Corporate Affairs
  • Aim: To provide internship opportunities to one crore youth in top 500 companies in five years. 
  • A Pilot Project of the Scheme targeted at providing 1.25 lakh internship opportunities has been launched for the Financial Year 2024-25.

Selection of Companies:

  • The internship opportunities span 24 sectors, including oil, gas, energy, travel, hospitality, automotive, banking and financial services, etc. 
  • The companies selected for this pilot were identified based on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure over the past three years, ensuring that participants are placed in organizations that are committed to social and ethical practices.
  • Other companies, banks, or financial institutions can also participate with approval from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), particularly if they represent underrepresented sectors.
  • If a partner company cannot provide internship opportunities directly, it may collaborate with: Companies in its forward and backward supply chain (e.g., suppliers, customers, vendors).
PM Internship Scheme

Eligibility:

  • The Pilot Project offers a 12-month internship program designed for youth aged 21 to 24 years, specifically for Indian nationals who are not employed full-time or engaged in full-time education. 
  • Internships can be applied for through the PM Internship Portal (Managed by Ministry of Corporate Affairs) 
  • Candidates who have passed High School or Higher Secondary School, have a certificate from an ITI, have a diploma from a polytechnic institute. Graduated with degrees such as BA, B.Sc, B.Com, BCA, BBA, B.Pharma, etc.

Exclusion:

  • Graduates from premier institutions like IITs, IIMs, National Law Universities, IISER, NIDs, and IIITs along with holders of qualifications such as CA, CMA, CS, MBBS, BDS, MBA, or any master’s or higher degree are not eligible.
  • Those undergoing skill, apprenticeships, internships, or student training under Central or State government schemes along with Individuals who have completed apprenticeships under National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS) or National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) are ineligible. 
  • A candidate is deemed ineligible if the income of any of the family members exceeds Rs 8 Lakh for FY 2023-24.
  • Family members of permanent or regular government employees are also excluded.

Financial Assistance:

  • Interns will receive a monthly stipend of ₹5,000 throughout the internship duration.
    • This consists of: ₹500 contributed by partner companies, contingent on attendance and conduct.
    • The remaining ₹4,500 will be provided by the government via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to the intern’s Aadhaar-seeded bank account.
  • Additionally, a one-time grant of ₹6,000 will be disbursed after joining the internship, also through DBT.
  • All interns will be covered under the government’s insurance schemes: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, with the premium paid by the government.
  • Training Costs i.e. expenditures associated with the training of interns under the Scheme, would be borne by the company from its CSR funds, as per the extant rules.

Significance:

  • Scheme provides an opportunity to the interns to get training, gain experience and skills within the real-life environment of the businesses or organizations that helps in bridging the gap between academic learning and industry requirements, in turn, assisting enhancement of her/his employability.
  • By partnering with leading companies across diverse sectors, the initiative aims to enhance employability and skills among participants. 
  • With clear eligibility criteria and structured support through Direct Benefit Transfers, this program not only fosters professional growth but also encourages active participation from businesses committed to corporate social responsibility.

Key Initiatives in the field of Skill development:

  • STRIVE Project focuses on entrepreneurship and mentoring in ITIs and NSTIs.
  • PM-JANMAN initiative targets skilling and uplifting vulnerable tribal groups.
  • SANKALP - marginalized communities receive support for entrepreneurship
  • Initiatives under the Skill India Mission [Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)} 
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) - offers short-term skill training
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra’s (PMKK) - standardizes quality training across India. 
    • Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) - target non-literate and rural populations,
    • Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana - promotes entrepreneurship. 
    • Skill India Digital (SID) - introduces AI-driven tools for job matching and continuous learning. 
    • The PM Vishwakarma Yojana - supports traditional artisans by modernizing their skills and integrating them into global markets, ensuring sustainable livelihoods.

PSLV-C60: SpaDeX & POEM

Context: Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) PSLV-C60 mission is scheduled to be launched on December 30, 2024. 

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX); PSLV Orbital Experimental Module

Major Highlights:

  • The mission will demonstrate the complex art of satellite docking in space with the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX).
    • The PSLV rocket will carry two satellites named Chaser (SDX01) and Target (SDX02). Each weighs 220 kg. 
    • After launch and orbit insertion, the two satellites will attempt to dock at an altitude of 470 kilometers above the Earth.
  • The mission will also leverage the PSLV's fourth stage (POEM-4) to host 24 scientific experiments, designed by various ISRO centres, academic institutions, and Indian private companies. 

Read More: SpaDeX: Space Docking Experiment 

space docking experiment

Why does SpaDeX matter for India?

  • The mission is a strategic step towards several ambitious space objectives, including:
    • Preparing for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight program
    • Enabling Chandrayaan-4 lunar sample return missions
    • Developing the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), India's proposed space station. 

PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)

  • Developed by: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC).
  • POEM is an experimental mission or space platform to perform in-orbit experiments using the final (otherwise discarded) stage of ISRO’s PSLV.
    • PSLV is a four-stage rocket where the first three spent stages fall back into the ocean, and the final stage (PS4) — after launching the satellite into orbit — often ends up as space junk. 
    • In POEM, the spent final stage will be utilised as a stabilised platform to perform experiments. 
  • POEM has a dedicated Navigation Guidance and Control (NGC) system to act as the platform’s brain for attitude stabilisation with specified accuracy. 
  • POEM will derive its power from solar panels mounted around the PS4 tank, and a Li-Ion battery. It will navigate using four sun sensors, a magnetometer, gyros & NavIC.
PSLV Orbital experimental module

POEM-4’s Payloads:

  • POEM-4 carries 24 payloads: 14 contributed by various ISRO centres and 10 by academia and private industry. POEM-4 will begin operations after satellite separation. 

Some important payloads include:

  • Relocatable Robotic Manipulator-Technology Demonstrator, a.k.a. ‘Walking Robotic Arm,’ developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU), is expected to demonstrate a robotic arm that can move to defined targets on the POEM using an inchworm walking technique.
  • Debris Capture Robotic Manipulator to capture tethered space debris with a robotic manipulator. 
  • Compact Research module for Orbital Plant Studies to study the germination and growth of eight cowpea seeds in a five- to seven-day experiment in a controlled environment.
  • Amity Plant Experimental Module in Space (APEMS) payload. It will compare growth-related changes in plant callus cells using spinach plants in microgravity and earth gravity.
  • RVSat-1 payload. It will measure the growth of the gut bacterium (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) in space. The experiment is expected to provide data to understand human physiology in space and astronaut health during crewed missions.
  • BGS Amateur Radio Payload for Information Transmission (ARPIT). It can transmit audio, text, and images from a satellite to the ground with frequency modulation in the VHF band. It is designed to provide amateur radio satellite services worldwide.
  • RUDRA 1.0 HPGP will test a green propulsion system with a thrust of 1 newton and a specific impulse of 220 seconds. 
  • VYOM 2U developed by Manastu Space will test a monopropellant as a safer and better performing alternative to hydrazine (the most widely used propellant in the Indian space programme at present). VYOM has a thrust of 1.1 N and a specific impulse greater than 250 seconds.

Ethical Dilemmas in navigating Farmer Protests

Context: A prominent farmer leader is on an indefinite hunger strike demanding legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price, while following Gandhian principles of Non-violence. The government faces criticism from courts for not providing medical care, while farmers threaten mass mobilisation if force is used. 

Relevance of the Topic: Mains: Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of ethics in human actions. 

Ethical Analysis of the Situation

  1. Deontological Ethics (Kant): "Act only according to rules you could as universal law."
    • Government's categorical duty to protect life is absolute
    • Farmer's right to protest cannot override duty to preserve life
    • Medical care is a moral imperative regardless of circumstances.
  2. Utilitarian Ethics (Bentham): "Greatest good for greatest number"
    • Calculate total welfare impact on farmers, consumers, economy
    • Consider long-term effects on agricultural sustainability
    • Balance individual sacrifice against collective benefit.
  3. Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): "Moral excellence comes about as a result of habit"
    • Courage shown by protest leader
    • Government's prudence in handling situation
    • Finding meaning between force and inaction (Golden Mean Principle).
  4. Gandhian Philosophy: "Non-violence is the greatest force at Mankind's disposal". In a gentle way you can change the world - Gandhiji
    • Satyagraha as moral force
    • Self-suffering to highlight injustice
    • Non-violent resistance against perceived wrong.
  5. Social Contract Theory (Rousseau, Locke): "Government derives legitimacy from people's consent"
    • State's obligation to protect citizens
    • Citizens' right to protest unjust policies
    • Balance between individual and collective rights.
  6. Care Ethics (Nel Noddings): "Moral Action stems from Compassion"
    • Empathy for farmer's situation
    • Responsibility for protestor's wellbeing
    • Community relationships and interdependence.
  7. Buddhist Ethics: "Avoid extremes, follow Middle Path"
    • Reduce suffering of all parties
    • Seek compromise and harmony
    • Compassion for all stakeholders.
  8. Contemporary Rights Theory (Rawls): "Justice as Fairness"
    • Fair distribution of benefits and burdens
    • Protection of basic liberties (Liberty principle)
    • Special consideration for disadvantaged groups (Difference principle)

Resolution Framework with Philosophical Underpinnings

1. Immediate Actions: 

  • Medical Care Approach: Hippocratic Tradition
    • "First, do no harm" principle guides medical intervention
    • Balance autonomy with protection of life - Respects individual choice while ensuring survival
    • Respect dignity while ensuring care - Maintains human rights during medical intervention
  • Dialogue Framework (Habermas):
    • Communicative action theory for conflict resolution
    • Create conditions for authentic discourse
    • Enable rational consensus-building
  • Peace Maintenance (Perpetual Peace - Kant):
    • Establish provisional arrangements 
    • Create conditions for lasting resolution
    • Maintain civil order without force

2. Medium-term Solutions:

  • Policy Development (Amartya Sen):
    • Capability approach to agricultural policy
    • Development as freedom concept
    • Participatory policy-making
  • Stakeholder Engagement (Freeman):
    • Multiple stakeholder consideration
    • Balanced interest representation
    • Ethical business approach

3. Long-term Structural Changes:

  • Social Justice (Rawls):
    • Difference principle in agricultural policy
    • Fair equality of opportunity
    • Just savings principle
  • Sustainable Development (Hans Jonas):
    • Imperative of responsibility
    • Future generations consideration
    • Environmental sustainability

4. Implementation Framework:

  • Administrative Ethics (Max Weber):
    • Bureaucratic responsibility
    • Rational-legal authority
    • Professional duty
  • Democratic Theory (Dahl):
    • Inclusive participation
    • Effective opposition
    • Institutional accountability

5. Monitoring Mechanisms:

  • Social Accountability (Rousseau):
    • General will consideration
    • Public oversight
    • Transparent governance
  • Ethics of Care (Gilligan):
    • Relationship maintenance
    • Community healing
    • Trust rebuilding. 

Overall the action must integrate philosophical wisdom with practical governance needs, ensuring both theoretical soundness and implementational feasibility. 

National Maritime Heritage Complex

Context: The National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC), envisaged to be one of the largest maritime complexes in the world, is under construction near Lothal in Gujarat.

Relevance of the Topic: Prelims: Key facts about National Maritime Heritage Complex; Lothal. 

About National Maritime Heritage Complex

  • National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) is an under construction tourism complex near Lothal, Gujarat.
  • Spread over 400 acres, the complex will present the maritime history & heritage of India covering 4500 years.
  • Developed by: Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterway.
  • Project components of NMHC include NMHC museum; Open Aquatic Gallery, Lighthouse Museum, Bagicha Complex, Coastal State Pavilions and Recreation of Lothal city, Eco resorts and Museuotel, Theme based parks, Maritime research institute etc.
  • The Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL) will construct the World's tallest light house in the complex.

Vision of this complex

Mission

  • To develop a world class and unique in its nature complex, highlighting the historic maritime legacy of the country.
  • Comprehensive integration of past, present, and future maritime activities with an integrated network of components.
  • Sustainable strategies to respond to the local environment.
  • Edutainment through interactive and experiential playful exploration of objects for holistic learning.

About Lothal IVC site

Historical Significance

  • Lothal was an ancient maritime port city of the Indus Valley Civillisation, dating back 4500 years.
  • Location: Ahmedabad district, Gujarat (80 km southwest of Ahmedabad).
  • The name "Lothal" combines two Gujarati words, Loth and Thal, meaning "the mound of the dead."
  • It flourished as a thriving trading port during 3700 BCE, linked to ancient trade routes from Sindh to Saurashtra.
image 200

Archaeological Discoveries

  • Excavations (1955–1960) by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) uncovered the world’s oldest known artificial dock, connected to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River.
  • Key features include:
    • Acropolis and Lower Town
    • Bead Factory and Warehouses
    • Advanced Drainage System
    • Unearthed canals and dockyards highlight its significance as a trading hub.

Global Connections

  • Artefacts suggest trade links with Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia.
  • An entire township with markets and docks showcases the city’s advanced urban planning.

Artefacts and Museum

  • The Archaeological Museum near the site displays:
    • Jewellery, pottery, seals, religious symbols.
    • Everyday objects that reflect the daily life and craftsmanship of the time.
image 201

UNESCO Nomination

Archaeological Legacy

Trending now

Captagon
B’nei Menashe: Identity, Migration, and the “Lost Tribes” Debate
Bauxite Mining Conflict in Odisha
Impact of Rising Energy Costs on Migrant Labourers