Context: A new study co-authored by a climate scientist Johan Rockstrom said that Earth is exceeding its safe operating space for humanity in six of nine key measurements of its health, and two of the remaining three are headed in the wrong direction.
The Study on Planetary Boundaries
The study evaluates the health of the Earth using nine key measurements or boundaries that are critical for the well-being of humanity and the planet.
It proposes a new approach to global sustainability by defining planetary boundaries within which humanity can operate safely.
Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems.
Nine Planetary Boundaries
The study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing upon current scientific understanding, it proposes quantifications for seven of them.
Earth System Process
Limit
Implication of Crossing the limit
Climate Change
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere <350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W m-2 in radiative forcing
Loss of polar ice sheets. Regional climate disruptions. Loss of glacial freshwater supplies.Weakening of carbon sinks.
Mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-industrial levels
Conversion of coral reefs to algal-dominated systems. Regional elimination of some aragonite- and high- magnesium calcite-forming marine biota.Slow variable affecting marine carbon sink.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
<5% reduction in O3 concentration from pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units
Severe and irreversible UV- B radiation affects human health and ecosystems.
Biogeo-Chemical Flows: interference with P and N cycles
Limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N2 to 35 Tg N yr-1 Annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P
P: avoid a major oceanic anoxic event (including regional), with impacts on marine ecosystems. N: slow variable affecting overall resilience of ecosystems via acidification of terrestrial ecosystems and eutrophication of coastal and freshwater systems.
Global Freshwater Use
<4000 km3 yr-1 of consumptive use of runoff resources
Could affect regional climate patterns (e.g., monsoon behavior).Primarily slow variable affecting moisture feedback, biomass production, carbon uptake by terrestrial systems and reducing biodiversity
Land System Change
<15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland
Trigger of irreversible and widespread conversion of biomes to undesired states.Primarily acts as a slow variable affecting carbon storage and resilience via changes in biodiversity and landscape heterogeneity
Rate of Biodiversity Loss
Annual rate of <10 extinctions per million species
Slow variable affecting ecosystem functioning at continental and ocean basin scales.Impact on many other boundaries—C storage, freshwater, N and P cycles, land systems.Massive loss of biodiversity unacceptable for ethical reasons.
Thresholds leading to unacceptable impacts on human health and ecosystem functioning possible but largely unknown.May act as a slow variable undermining resilience and increase risk of crossing other thresholds
Atmospheric Aerosol Loading
To be determined
Disruption of monsoon systems. Human-health effects. Interacts with climate change and freshwater boundaries.
Properties of Proposed Planetary Boundaries
Planetary boundaries are interdependent, because transgressing one may both shift the position of other boundaries or cause them to be transgressed.
The social impacts of transgressing boundaries will be a function of the social–ecological resilience of the affected societies.
The proposed concept of “planetary boundaries” aimed at minimizing negative externalities, toward the estimation of the safe space for human development.
Planetary boundaries define, as it were, the boundaries of the “planetary playing field” for humanity if we want to be sure of avoiding major human-induced environmental change on a global scale.
New Findings on the Planetary Boundaries
Unsafe in Six Areas: According to the study, Earth is exceeding its "safe operating space for humanity" in six out of these nine measurements.
These areas include climate, biodiversity, land use, freshwater resources, nutrient pollution, and the presence of "novel" chemicals (human-made compounds like microplastics and nuclear waste).
Safe in Three Areas (for now): Only three of the nine measurements are currently within the boundaries considered safe.
These areas are the acidity of the oceans, the health of the air, and the state of the ozone layer.
Negative Trends:
The study also indicates that even in the areas considered "safe," namely the oceans and air quality, there are negative trends.
Ocean and air pollution are on the rise, which is a cause for concern.
Updating the Boundaries:
The study is an update from 2015 and introduced a new factor - water quality - to the list of unsafe measurements.
This change was based on worsening river run-off and improved measurements and understanding of the issue.
Global Significance:
The researchers emphasize that these nine factors are critical determinants of the planet's fate.
Their findings underscore the urgent need for global action to address environmental and ecological challenges.
Expert Consensus: The boundaries used in the study are described as "scientifically well established" and have been supported by various outside studies and research.
Context: Replica of iconic Wheel of Konark Temple served as the cultural backdrop of meetings of foreign dignitaries in the G20 Summit meeting in the Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
Wheels of Konark Temple
The Wheels of Konark Temple are also known as Konark Chakra.
Konark temple was designed as a huge chariot drawn by 7 mighty horses in galloping mode on 12 pairs (total 24) of ornamented wheels made from stone and a central hub.
Horses were conceived in such a way that the Sun God (Surya) himself was driving the chariot from inside the garbhagriha.
Intricate design of Konark Wheels:
Although each of the 24 Konark wheels are similar, each one of them is decorated differently.
The spokes of the wheels are also sculpted in such a way that they broaden at the centre like that of a diamond and are thinner at the ends.
The spokes are minutely carved with motifs like scrollwork, floral motifs, creepers and foliate, beaded strings and stylised chaitya windows.
The central portion of the spokes which resemble a diamond is also relieved with various deities like Isana, Isani, Surya, Vishnu and his incarnations), erotic and amorous figures, kanyas in various poses, a nobleman with a man standing with folded hands, a princely cavalier, man playing on cymbals, a boar hunting scene, elephant riders, hunting scenes, etc.
The axle of the wheel also contains deities like a god with a goddess, Gajalakshmi, Krishna playing flute, gopis and cows, Narasimha, king on an elephant, etc.
Serves as a sundial:
Konark wheel is composed of 8 outer spokes and 8 inner spokes with a diameter of 3 metres.
The twelve pairs of wheels symbolise 12 months of the year while the 8 spokes symbolise the 8 pahars of the day (time divisions of a day). Pahar signifies three hours of a day.
The wheel at Konark Sun Temple is designed in a way that they can be used to gauge the time of the day by looking at the shadow cast on the spoke of the wheels by the Sun.
About Konark Sun Temple
Schematic of Konark Sun TemplePlan of Konark Sun Temple
Located in coastal town of Konark in Puri district of Odisha. It is dedicated to the Sun God.
Konark is an amalgamation of two words - Kona meaning corner and Arka meaning the Sun. Thus, Sun God worshipped in Ark Kshetra means Konark.
Konark Sun Temple is epitome of the Odisha Style of Temple Architecture (Also known as Kalinga Temple Architecture).
The temple has been built by carving Khondalite stones.
Built during the 13th century during the reign of Narasimhadeva-I, a distinguished ruler of Ganga dynasty.
European travellers called the Konark temple as 'Black Pagoda' due to the dark colour of the temple when seen from the coast.
The Temple has been included in the list of UNESCO's List of World Heritage Sites in 1984.
Main Temple Complex
The temple comprises of a sanctum with a lofty shikara which is no more in existence, a jagmohana and a detached nata-mandira (hall of dance) in the same axis.
According to Odia folklore, great architect Bishu Moharan and his son Dharmapada were responsible for the design and construction of the Konark Temple complex.
Deul (sanctum sanctorum or sanctuary): Deul of Konark temple is built in rekha deul style of Kalingan temple architecture with a curvilinear shikhara. However, it is no more in existence.
Jagmohana (frontal porch or mahamandapa, used as audience hall): It is built in the typical pidha deul style with receding pidhas resembling a pyramidal roof.
Natamandir (dance hall of hindu temple): The roof of the natamandir is no more in existence.
Temple Complex at Konark consists of main temple complex and several other shrines such as Mayadevi temple, Vaishnava Temple and intricate carvings.
Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) criticized the Madhya Pradesh government for the significant damage to water bodies and issued an order to cease the operation of cruise vessels and other motor-powered boats in the Bhoj wetland. This directive was issued by the Central Zone Bench of the environmental court in response to an application filed last year expressing concern about the deterioration of the wetland, encompassing the Upper Lake and Lower Lake.
About Bhoj wetland:
Location in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh: The Bhoj wetland is a vital ecological site nestled in the heart of Bhopal district in Madhya Pradesh, India.
Historical Origins of the Lakes: This remarkable wetland comprises two interconnected man-made lakes: the Upper Lake and the Lower Lake. The Upper Lake, one of the oldest and most expansive man-made lakes in central India, was ingeniously crafted by King Bhoj during the 11th century. The king achieved this feat by constructing an earthen dam across the Kolans River.
International Recognition under the Ramsar Convention: In 2002, the Bhoj wetland garnered international recognition when it was designated a wetland of global importance under the Ramsar Convention of 1971.
Conservation Efforts and Financing:In 1995, the Madhya Pradesh government undertook a significant conservation project for the wetland, securing funding of Rs 2.5 billion from the Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC).
Critical Significance of Bhoj Wetland:
Water Supply: The Bhoj wetland plays a pivotal role in supplying drinking water to approximately 1.2 million people in the region, underscoring its immense significance for the local populace.
Biodiversity Haven: The Upper Lake, also known as Bhojtal, is home to a diverse ecosystem, hosting 15 different fish species and various turtle species. Furthermore, it serves as a vital habitat for approximately 2,500 migratory bird species, making it a crucial breeding and nesting ground for these international avian visitors.
Accessibility: The Bhoj wetland stands out as one of the most accessible Ramsar sites, boasting a road encircling the twin lakes for ease of exploration.
Current Challenges facing Bhoj Wetland:
According to a study conducted by the Environmental Planning and Coordination organization, the Bhoj wetland confronts a dual challenge of deteriorating water quality and reduced storage capacity.
On the urban front, water quality degradation results from the inflow of sewage, nutrients, and toxins originating from the catchment areas. The Upper Lake, in particular, contends with a daily influx of approximately 9.82 million gallons (44 MLD) of sewage.
The majority of the catchment area is rural, primarily devoted to agriculture, where intensive chemical farming practices are commonplace. This leads to the utilization of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which subsequently seep into the lake via streams.
The southwest region bears the brunt of this agricultural runoff, adversely affecting water quality and posing a long-term threat to the wetland's health.
Furthermore, a significant volume of silt flows into the lake from the rural catchment area, exacerbating the conservation challenges faced by the Bhoj wetland.
WWF-India reports that among all ecosystems in India, wetlands face some of the most severe threats. These critical habitats are grappling with a range of challenges, including the loss of vegetation, salinization, excessive inundation, water pollution, invasive species, and unchecked development and road construction.
Wetlands:
Wetland ecosystems hold a unique position as transitional zones, bridging the divide between terrestrial and aquatic environments. They are often referred to as "ecotones," highlighting their role in connecting these two distinct ecological realms.
Understanding Wetlands through Ramsar Convention Definitions:
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands offers a comprehensive definition of wetlands, encompassing various key characteristics:
Marshes, Fens, and Peatlands: Wetlands encompass a diverse range of landscapes, including marshes, fens, and peatlands. These areas may occur naturally or result from artificial interventions.
Temporary or Permanent Nature: Wetlands can exhibit either temporary or permanent characteristics, further illustrating their ecological diversity.
Natural or Artificial Formation: They can arise through natural processes or as a result of human-made alterations to the landscape.
Inclusive of Water Types: Wetlands span a spectrum of water types, embracing freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater environments.
Depth Limits: The depth of marine water within wetlands, at low tide, does not surpass a height of six meters, distinguishing them from deeper aquatic ecosystems.
About Ramsar Convention
‘Promoting the Conservation and Wise Use of Wetlands’:
The Ramsar Convention, a notable international agreement, stands as a staunch advocate for the conservation and prudent utilization of wetlands worldwide. Remarkably, it is the sole global treaty exclusively dedicated to the preservation of a single ecosystem – wetlands.
Inception: This pivotal convention was established on February 2nd, 1971, initiated by UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Enactment: It officially came into effect in 1975, with countries around the world recognizing the significance of safeguarding their wetland ecosystems.
India's Commitment: India signed the Ramsar Convention on February 1, 1982, solidifying its dedication to this global cause. There are 75 Ramsar sites in India
World Wetlands Day: An important date in the calendar is February 2nd, celebrated annually as World Wetlands Day to raise awareness about the importance of wetlands.
Three Pillars of Ramsar Convention:
Wise Use: Central to the Ramsar Convention is the concept of "wise use." It advocates for the sustainable utilization of wetlands, balancing human needs with the preservation of ecological integrity.
List of Wetlands of International Importance: Governments commit to this list, designating specific wetlands for international recognition and protection. Inclusion signifies a government's pledge to take measures to uphold the ecological character of these sites.
International Cooperation: Collaboration between nations is a fundamental aspect, emphasizing the importance of working together to conserve wetlands on a global scale.
The Montreux Record
Monitoring Change in Wetlands:
The Montreux Record serves as a register of wetland sites within the List of Wetlands of International Importance.
These sites have either undergone, are undergoing, or are anticipated to experience changes in their ecological character due to factors like technological advancements, pollution, or human interference.
Adopted in Brisbane during the Conference of the Contracting Parties in 1996, the Montreux Record operates as an adjunct to the Montreux Record Operating Guidelines.
This database plays a pivotal role within the Ramsar Convention by continuously monitoring and documenting changes in designated wetland sites, ensuring their protection.
Two prominent Montreux Record sites in India include Loktak Lake in Manipur and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan.
Chilika Lake, another significant Indian wetland, was added to the Montreux Record in 1993 but later removed from the list in 2002, showcasing the dynamic nature of these designations.
Partners in Conservation
The Ramsar Convention collaborates closely with six distinguished organizations known as International Organization Partners (IOPs), which are:
Birdlife International
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Wetlands International
WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)
International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)
Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance:
One of the nine criteria must be fulfilled to be the Ramsar Site.
Introduction to the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017:
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, have been officially promulgated by the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), in accordance with the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Defining the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017:
Effective Conservation and Management: These rules are designed to ensure the effective conservation and management of wetlands within India. They represent a substantial update, supplanting the earlier Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules from 2010.
Regulatory Framework: The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, serve as the principal regulatory framework governing the conservation and management of wetlands within the country. Notably, they usher in a shift in wetland management, deviating from a centralized approach towards increased involvement of state-level organizations.
Key Responsibilities: The rules stipulate the advisory role of the National Wetland Committee in overseeing the integrated management of Ramsar Convention areas and providing guidance to state agencies on the concept of "wise use" concerning wetlands.
Guidelines Development: To aid State Governments and Union Territory (UT) Administrations in implementing these rules, comprehensive guidelines have been developed. These guidelines encompass various aspects, including the identification and delineation of wetlands, the creation of lists of regulated and permitted activities, and the structure and operational matters concerning the Wetlands Authority.
Salient Features of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017:
State Wetland Authority (SWA): These rules mandate the establishment of a State Wetland Authority in each state and union territory, presided over by the state's environment minister. The authority comprises diverse government representatives with expertise in fields such as hydrology, socioeconomics, landscape design, fisheries, and wetland ecology.
Principles of Sustainable Use: The rules introduce the concept of "smart use" as the guiding principle for wetland management. This shift towards sustainable use, acceptable to conservation objectives, is termed "wise use," marking a decentralization of powers.
Comprehensive List of Activities: SWAs are tasked with creating exhaustive lists of activities to be regulated and permitted within notified wetlands and their zones of influence. They are also authorized to add activities that should be prohibited in specific wetlands and develop plans for more efficient wetland utilization.
National Wetland Committee (NWC): Replacing the Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority, the NWC is established, with the MoEFCC secretary leading it.
Prohibited Activities: The rules categorically forbid activities such as encroachment, industrial establishment, waste disposal, and untreated effluent discharge in wetlands.
Inventory Creation: State authorities are required to compile lists of all wetlands and those that need notification within a stipulated timeframe. These lists serve as the basis for the creation of a comprehensive digital inventory of all wetlands, updated every decade.
Centre for Wetland Conservation and Management (CWCM):
Establishment: The CWCM, inaugurated on World Wetland Day in 2021 (February 2, 2021), is an integral component of the National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM), based in Chennai, under the purview of the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change.
Primary Objective: The centre is dedicated to the management, restoration, and conservation of India's wetlands. It aims to address knowledge gaps and specific research needs in this field.
Knowledge Sharing:The CWCM facilitates knowledge exchange among State/UT Wetland Authorities, wetland users, managers, academics, policymakers, and practitioners through its knowledge portal.
Networking: It fosters alliances and networks with relevant regional, national, and international organizations and promotes integrated approaches for wetland protection, management, and sustainable utilization.
Support for Government: The CWCM assists governments at various levels in the development and implementation of legislative and policy frameworks, management planning, monitoring, and focused wetlands conservation research.
Context: The idea of fraternity evolved since ancient ages remains a significant tenet of liberal political philosophy along with the idea of liberty and equality.
Fraternity
Fraternity in politics refers to a specific bond and relationship between the members of a community that compels them to live together as equals and to provide mutual aid in case of need.
Fraternity represents a sense of unity and brotherhood among individuals and communities, transcending the mere sharing of material resources. It is essential for the survival and effective functioning of a social system.
Historical Context
Ancient Greece:
The idea of fraternity can be traced back to ancient Greece, where philosophers like Plato and Aristotle explored its early dimensions.
Plato's dialogue "Lysis" emphasized the importance of philia, or love, as a strong desire to pursue wisdom.
In this context, sharing knowledge and forming meaningful bonds with others were seen as integral to fraternity.
Aristotle introduced the concept of the polis, highlighting the importance of political community and friendship among citizens.
This laid the foundation for the idea of political fraternity.
Medieval Europe:
In the Middle Ages, fraternity took on religious connotations within the Christian society of Europe.
Religious communities and monastic orders fostered a sense of brotherhood among members, emphasizing shared values and spirituality.
Fraternity in this period was often tied to religious morality and communal living.
French Revolution:
The concept of fraternity found its way into the political arena during the French Revolution of 1789, where it became one of the three core principles of the revolution, alongside liberty and equality.
The motto "liberté, égalité, fraternité" reflected the revolutionary ideals of solidarity and unity among citizens in the face of oppressive monarchy.
Fraternity in India
In the context of India, the idea of fraternity gained prominence during the country's struggle for independence and the subsequent emergence of constitutional democracy.
Leaders like B.R. Ambedkar stressed the inseparability of liberty, equality, and fraternity as essential principles for a diverse and socially stratified society.
The framers of the Indian Constitution recognized the significance of fraternity, particularly in addressing hierarchical social inequalities.
Constitutional and Legal Provisions Promoting Fraternity
Constitution of India while mentioning fraternity in preamble also provide for many provisions which promote fraternity:
Constitutional Restrictions on Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19)
Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution imposes certain restrictions on the fundamental right to Freedom of Speech and Expression.
These restrictions, including considerations of decency and morality, defamation, and incitement of offenses, aim to maintain social harmony and protect the dignity of individuals.
Protection of Distinct Language, Script, and Culture (Article 29)
Article 29(1) of the Constitution recognizes the right of any section of citizens with a distinct language, script, or culture to conserve the same.
This provision promotes fraternity by safeguarding the cultural diversity and identity of various communities within the nation.
Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)
This section addresses deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs.
It reflects the importance of respecting religious sentiments and upholding fraternity by discouraging actions that could incite religious tensions or hatred.
Various legislations and the establishment of institutions like the National Human Rights Commission and State Human Rights Commissions underline the importance of safeguarding the human rights of all individuals.
These measures aim to ensure the dignity and well-being of every citizen, promoting fraternity by protecting their rights.
Welfare of Senior Citizens (Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2017)
This legislation addresses the welfare of senior citizens, emphasizing the need to care for and protect the elderly in society.
It reflects the values of respect and responsibility within families and communities, contributing to a sense of fraternity.
Protection of Women's Rights (Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005)
Legislation aimed at protecting women from domestic violence acknowledges the need to safeguard the rights and dignity of women.
This aligns with the principle of fraternity by promoting gender equality and ensuring the well-being of all citizens.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Rights of the Persons with Disability Act, 2016)
This law focuses on the rights and welfare of disabled persons, emphasizing the need for inclusivity and equal treatment.
It reflects the spirit of fraternity by advocating for the inclusion and protection of vulnerable individuals.
Juvenile Justice and Child Protection (Juvenile Justice Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015)
This legislation addresses the rehabilitation and reformation of juveniles in conflict with the law.
It recognizes the importance of offering guidance and support to young offenders, promoting a sense of responsibility and care within society.
Role of Judiciary in Promotion of Fraternity
The judiciary plays a pivotal role in safeguarding individual rights and upholding constitutional values which promote fraternity.
Judicial Interpretation
The judiciary, in various cases, has recognized the importance of fraternity as reflected in the Preamble of the Constitution.
It has emphasized that achieving justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity requires the commitment and loyalty of the State's organs to these constitutional values.
Reservation and Fraternity
In cases like 'Aruna Roy v. Union of India' and 'Indra Sawhney v. Union of India,' the Supreme Court has discussed the idea of fraternity in relation to reservation policies.
It recognizes fraternity to achieve national unity and dignity and as a justification for affirmative action aimed at addressing historical inequalities.
Cultural and Religious Awareness
Encouraging education about different religions and cultures, as advocated by the Chavan Committee (1999), can promote social cohesion and harmony.
Such knowledge can help build mutual trust, understanding, and respect, reinforcing the value of fraternity in a diverse society.
Secularism and Fraternity
The Supreme Court has emphasized that secularism is an essential feature of the Indian Constitution, and it sees the principle of fraternity as a precursor to achieving secularism.
Secularism is considered a bastion for building fraternity, emphasizing the need for a society where all religious beliefs are respected.
Protection of Dignity and Human Rights
The judiciary has taken a stand against arbitrary or misguided state policies that could damage the idea of fraternity and human dignity.
It underscores the importance of policies and actions being in line with constitutional values and morality.
Privileges and Fraternity
The Court, in cases like 'Shri Raghunathrao Ganpatrao v. Union of India,' has held that certain privileges, like those enjoyed by the princely class, may threaten the common brotherhood and fraternity.
This reflects the principle that privileges that create divisions can be incompatible with fraternity.
Importance of Fraternity in India
Promoting Constitutional Values:
Fraternity is seen as a tool to protect and promote other constitutional values such as liberty, equality, and justice.
It is particularly vital in a diverse country like India, where unity is essential for social and political progress.
Rule of Law:
Faith in the idea of fraternity can help establish the rule of law as a reality.
It implies that fraternity is a foundational principle for a just and law-abiding society.
Role of Fraternity in Governance:
Fraternity imposes duties on the State to foster social cohesion and solidarity.
It necessitates ensuring the well-being of marginalized individuals and promoting social inclusivity.
Universal Rules of Morality:
Fraternity can be viewed as a set of universal rules of morality that transcend individual, group, or caste interests.
These rules ensure the protection of individual rights and prevent conflicts within society.
Religious Choesion:
Different religions have varying degrees of fraternity.
While some, like Buddhism, emphasize a sense of brotherhood extending to all humans, others may limit it to specific communities or castes.
Fraternity and Dignity:
The Preamble emphasizes that the nation's unity can only be achieved when the dignity of the individual is secured.
This underscores the importance of respecting the rights and dignity of every citizen.
Countering Divisive Forces:
Fraternity plays a crucial role in countering regionalism, linguistics, communalism, and secessionist activities.
It fosters a spirit of brotherhood that helps bridge the gaps created by societal diversity.
Duties of the People:
The constitution not only outlines the ideals and aspirations of the Indian people but also highlights their duty to achieving justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens.
Article 51A(e) impose a duty to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
Complementary to Equality:
Fraternity complements equality, as it operates as a safeguard against inequality.
The Constitution explicitly prohibits all forms of inequality and untouchability, reinforcing the need for fraternity in society.
Freedom of Speech and tolerance: Fraternity encourages respectful communication and tolerance among citizens.
Freedom of Religion and Neutrality: Fraternity helps reduce misunderstandings by establishing a sense of common brotherhood among different religious groups.
Cultural Rights and Duties: The Constitution safeguards cultural rights, and it also imposes duties on citizens to promote harmony, common brotherhood, and the preservation of India's rich cultural heritage.
Challenges to Fraternity in India
Fraternity vs. Caste System
The caste system in India posed a significant challenge to the idea of fraternity.
The mixing of caste and politics has led to the politicization of caste identities, which can be detrimental to social cohesion and fraternity.
Fraternal ties have often been limited to caste communities, hindering the forging of broader political unity.
The exploitation of weaker sections of society, including child labor and child sexual abuse, is a clear violation of the principles of equality and fraternity.
It highlights the need for greater social justice and protection of vulnerable groups.
Gender Inequality
Gender inequality remains a challenge, reflecting a lack of fraternity in the treatment of women and their rights.
Communalism and Religious Fundamentalism
Communalism and religious fundamentalism disrupt social harmony and create divisions among religious communities.
Political Violence
The use of violence for political purposes is dangerous and erodes trust and unity among citizens.
It undermines the principles of democracy and fraternity.
Regionalism
Regionalism, driven by regional disparities and imbalances in development, can create divisions within the nation and hampers fraternity.
Lack of Promotion of Harmony
The efforts to promote harmony and a spirit of common brotherhood among people of different sections and religions have been insufficient.
True fraternity requires respecting, understanding and accommodating diverse beliefs.
Way Forward
Preamble and Beyond:
While fraternity is explicitly mentioned in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, its significance goes beyond just being a preamble statement.
It should permeate all aspects of society to establish a peaceful, just, and fair social order.
Caste System:
Dr. Ambedkar believed that eliminating the caste system is essential for achieving true fraternity and building a united nation.
Link to Other Constitutional Values:
Fraternity is seen as a foundational step toward achieving other constitutional values such as equality, liberty, and the dignity of individuals.
It is posited that by nurturing fraternity, India's unity and integrity will naturally flourish.
Role of Judiciary:
The concept of fraternity is suggested to have ample scope for interpretation within the Constitution.
It can be a valuable tool for promoting social solidarity and addressing various challenges and inequalities.
Responsibility of All Organs of Government:
All three branches of government (executive, legislature, and judiciary) should have a responsibility for promoting and fostering the idea of fraternity and brotherhood.
This implies that the government should work towards ensuring that policies and actions promote unity and respect among citizens.
Educating About Fraternity:
Education about the concept of fraternity is deemed essential.
Raising awareness and understanding of fraternity among citizens can contribute to a more cohesive and harmonious society.
Protective Laws:
Numerous protective laws have been enacted by Parliament to safeguard the rights of underprivileged sections of society.
However, if fraternal bonds had been appropriately developed and maintained, such laws might not be necessary.
To achieve political fraternity, certain preconditions are necessary, it should not overlook social inequalities or promote social solidarity based on hatred or discrimination. It must resist the rhetoric of belligerent nationalism and religious intolerance, as these factors can undermine true fraternity. The relationship between caste and political fraternity in India remains a complex and evolving issue. The task of Indian politics in the future is to determine whether fraternity or caste will prevail, as they appear incompatible in the current social milieu.
Context: The use of food crops to generate bio-fuels can put burden on the resources of India, which demands for change in the definition of bio-fuels.
Biofuels are alternative fuels produced from biomass and used for transportation.
There are two major biofuel sectors:
Bio-gasoline from sugar-based bioethanol.
Biodiesel from vegetable oils or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
Global transportation sector is facing three major challenges, namely
Depletion of fossil fuels.
Volatility in crude oil prices.
Stringent environmental regulations.
Alternative fuels specific to geographies can address these issues. Ethanol is considered to be one of most suitable alternative blending, transportation fuel due to its better fuel quality (ethanol has a higher octane number) and environmental benefits.
Defnition of Biofule and Global Regulation
Since 2008, European regulations (such as the RED II directive) while differntiating provide for two kinds of biofuels:
Conventional biofuels: First generation biofuels from agricultural raw materials that can threaten food security or have a negative impact on land use changes
Advanced biofuels:
Second Generartion: These fuels are derived from non-edible vegetal resources.
Third Generartion: These fuels are derived from micro-organisms such as algae or yeasts.
Biofuel consumption mainly depends on legal constraints on blending and on the fuel demand trends. They were mainly used in road transport in 2020, but new applications in the maritime and air sector are being developed.
Data
According to the International Energy Agency, to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 globally, sustainable biofuel production needs to triple by 2030 to fuel modes that have few other mitigation options.
Biofuels vs. Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Transitioning to EVs requires replacing existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and infrastructure, which is capital-intensive and can have environmental concerns related to the mining of critical minerals for batteries.
Case of India
High Import Dependence: India’s import dependence on crude oil and products stood at an all-time high of 87.3% in FY2023, and 25.8% of the country’s import bill was spent on it.
High Demand of Crude and its Product: India has the third-largest crude and product demand in the world with significant room for consumption growth.
Demand of Transportation Sector for Petrol
Nearly 60 per cent of our petrol demand comes from two-wheelers, which cater to the mobility needs of citizens across the economic spectrum.
The remaining 40 per cent demand is from four-wheelers and this share is likely to increase.
Government Programme: India launched its ethanol blending programme in 2003 and in 2022, India’s blending programme achieved the significant milestone of 10 per cent ethanol blending in petrol.
Ethanol Supply:
Ethanol producers supplied nearly 430 crore liters of ethanol in 2022.
Much of India’s supply of ethanol for the blending programme comes from first-generation production using food crops, mostly sugarcane (84 per cent) and grain (16 per cent).
Prospect of Second-generation (2G) technologies
Investments in second-generation (2G) technologies for ethanol production have been slow.
Indian Oil’s state-of-the-art facility will only produce 3 crore liters of 2G ethanol.
There are 12 such facilities in various stages of planning and construction.
International Energy Agency suggested that in the last decade, up to 20% of our total primary energy supply was met by biomass, and a large portion of it was used by households.
Biofuel Targets of India
The government aims to achieve a 20% ethanol blending with petrol (E20) by 2025-26.
In India, biofuels are primarily associated with first-generation (1G) ethanol, which is sourced from food crops like sugarcane and foodgrains.
Factors that Derive production of ethanol in India
Demand Enrichment: Governments’ mandate for blending a minimum percentage (%) of ethanol with gasoline fuel & production of ethanol compatible vehicles.
Supply Enrichment: Schemes for ethanol production from different feedstocks and encouragement to augment bio-refineries and their capacities.
Incentives: Promoting the use of higher ethanol blends through price incentives (tax relief at the retail level) and tax incentives for vehicles compatible with E20 and E85.
Prospects of Biofuel in India
The demand for 20 per cent blending is set to increase India’s ethanol demand to nearly 1,100 crore liters by 2025.
Achieving the 2025 target will require investments, and the ability to provide and divert the necessary feedstock for the domestic production of ethanol.
A NITI Aayog report also indicated a growth in petrol demand by over 45 per cent by 2030, compared to 2021.
The share of four-wheeler is going to increase Nearly 55 per cent of respondents in a 2021 study focused on urban India by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water.
Challenges to Bio-fuels in India
1G Ethanol Dominance: India primarily relies on first-generation (1G) ethanol, sourced from food crops, particularly sugar cane and foodgrains, to meet its ethanol blending targets.
Resource Depletion and Food Security:
Growing sugar cane and using foodgrains for ethanol production have significant implications for groundwater depletion and food security.
These practices may not be sustainable, given stagnant crop yields, climate change impacts, and limited resources.
Groundwater Issue:
Groundwater depletion from sugarcane cultivation and diverting food crops for ethanol production can have negative consequences, especially given stagnant crop yields and the need to feed a growing population.
According to the study by University of Michigan rates of groundwater depletion could triple during 2040-81 compared with the current rate.
Agriculture's GHG Emissions: Diverting crops towards fuel production increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agriculture sector, counteracting the goal of reducing emissions in the transport sector.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The agriculture sector is noted for its direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and using it to produce motor fuel may lead to a net increase in emissions, counteracting efforts to reduce emissions from the transport sector.
Challenge of Scaling up: Balancing economies of scale with energy needs and costs for biomass collection and transport remains a challenge.
Way Forward
Clarity in Definition: The term 'biofuel' encompasses both sustainable and unsustainable fuels. Distinguishing between them is crucial for effective decarbonization efforts.
Sustainable Biofuels:
Sustainable biofuels, produced from crop residues and other low-impact sources, have a lower water and GHG footprint.
Global Biofuels Alliance initiative aim to develop these sustainable alternatives and promote ethanol use.
Biomass Use: The Energy Transitions Commission recommends prioritizing biomass use in sectors where low-carbon alternatives are limited, such as long-haul aviation and road freight, where electrification is challenging.
Alternative Strategies: Alternative strategies can be formulated to reduce negative consequences, such as reducing surplus sugarcane cultivation, could be explored to address the issue of surplus sugar production and prioritize food production.
Diversification of Fuel Base: Diversifying our fuel base, the primary focus of policy must be to slow down the overall consumption of petrol in the economy and address the private demand for fuel.
Achieving true sustainability in biofuels is a complex task. Any strategy must be carefully assessed within the larger ecosystem to avoid unintended negative consequences.
