Social Justice

What’s the Missing Block in Building Institute of Excellence?

Context: Times of India dated 27 march 2023 has a news article highlighting the issues associated with the Institute of excellence.

What is the institute of Excellence?

Institutions of Eminence scheme has been to help higher education institutions to become world-class teaching and research institutions. Ten public and ten private institutions are to be identified to emerge as world-class Teaching and Research Institutions. This will enhance affordable access to high-quality education for ordinary Indians.

Objectives of the scheme – institutions of eminence

To provide for higher education leading to excellence and innovations in such branches of knowledge as may be deemed fit at post-graduate, graduate and research degree levels and award degrees, diplomas and other academic distinctions;
To provide for high-quality teaching and research and the advancement of knowledge and its dissemination through various research programmes undertaken in-house by a substantial number of full-time faculty and research scholars in diverse disciplines etc.

Expectations from the institutions of eminence

Highly qualified faculty, with the freedom to hire from across the world;
Existence of academic, administrative and financial autonomy;
Excellence in research;
High Quality of teaching etc.

Challenges

The multiplicity of regulatory agencies and the lack of coordination among them is a major challenge in the emergence of institutes of eminence in India.
The multiplicity of regulatory agencies and the lack of coordination among them is a major challenge in the emergence of institutes of eminence in India.
Limited Funding compared to other countries like China which have provided more extensive funding to their elite universities.
Limited coverage of universities in the IOE scheme, as only three public-funded and three private-funded universities have been selected, and the selection has excluded some notable institutions.
Limited financial autonomy in fund utilization, with strict compliance with Government Financial Rules (GFR) and the fear of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India audit. Delays in receiving funds from sponsoring organizations.
Challenging procurement procedures such as purchase and procurement through Government e-Marketplace portal.
Delays in the purchase period for equipment having foreign components due to too many clearances.
The current Public Financial Management System hampers the purchase where a commitment is made without completing the final transaction.
Difficulty in compliance with laws relating to visa, registration, opening a bank account, residence permit, exit permit, etc., for foreign students.
Existing high fees in IITs with little scope for raising the fees to attract more foreign students, as higher fees contradict the equity objective of a public-funded university.
Difficulty in recruiting international faculty due to various bottlenecks, such as political clearances, complex taxation laws, and other bureaucratic hurdles.

What is the way forward?

The proposed HECI should set its priorities right and bring out regulations based on evidence-based inputs.
HECI should refrain from bringing out regulations in areas requiring no regulation.
HECI should asses how the regulations will impact the functioning of higher education institutes.
A stakeholder-based approach should be adopted to formulate regulations so that the inputs and feedback of all stakeholders can be incorporated.
There is a need to create an interconnected web of regulatory functions.

Why transgender female athletes can’t compete in female events

Context: Transgender women have been barred from competing in the female category by World Athletics (WA), the international governing body for track and field, following a vote on Thursday. WA has followed the path of FINA, the international swimming federation, which enforced a similar ban in June last year.

What does the ban mean?

Transgender women who have experienced male puberty will not be able to compete in the female competition after March 31 this year. However, the World Athletics Council has set up a working group to conduct research “to further consider the issue of transgender inclusion”. We are not saying ‘no’ forever,” WA president Sebastian Coe said.

The former double Olympic gold medallist in the 1,500 metres emphasised “fair and meaningful” female competition. “Decisions are always difficult when they involve conflicting needs and rights between different groups, but we continue to take the view that we must maintain fairness for female athletes above all other considerations,” Coe said.

Why have transgender women been barred?

In its ‘Eligibility Regulations for Transgender Athletes’, WA focuses on the physical advantages men have over women post-puberty. “The substantial sex difference in sports performance that emerges from puberty onwards means that the only way to achieve the objectives set out…is to maintain separate classifications (competition categories) for male and female athletes,” WA states.

The debate has raged since New Zealand weightlifter Laurel Hubbard competed in the women’s 87-kg class at the Tokyo Olympics, although she had participated in the men’s category earlier.

NCAA swimmer Lia Thomas used hormone replacement therapy and moved from the men’s category to the women’s category. She started breaking records in the IVY League competition before FINA stepped in.

What were the rules for transgender women before WA’s ban?

Under the previous rules, there was no blanket ban, but transgender women had to reduce the amount of blood testosterone to 5 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L) and maintain this level for 12 months to participate.

What had WA initially proposed?

In January, WA had come up with the ‘preferred option’ for transgender women. Instead of a complete ban, WA said it would allow transgender women to compete in the female category but would reduce the blood testosterone limit to below 2.5nmol/L for two years —cutting it down by half, and doubling the period before they become eligible to compete

So how did WA justify the change to a ban?

On Thursday, after its council meeting, WA said that the ‘preferred option’ did not have any takers. During January and February, WA said, it had consulted member federations, Global Athletics Coaches Academy, the Athletes’ Commission, the International Olympic Council, “as well as representative transgender and human rights groups”.

“It became apparent that there was little support within the sport for the option that was first presented to stakeholders,” WA said in its statement.

Which other sports have banned transgender female athletes?

The International Olympic Committee’s Framework on Fairness released in November 2021 stated that “athletes are not excluded solely based on their transgender identity or sex variations”.

But the IOC had put the onus on sports federations to put in place rules. FINA implemented a ban last year.

However, it was World Rugby in 2020 which became the first international sports federation to bar transgender women from female competition. Following this, Rugby Football League and Rugby Football Union also banned transgender women from female competition.

Last year, British Triathlon implemented a similar ban.

Have any famous sporting names weighed in?

Tennis great and gay rights activist Martina Navratilova took FINA’s side in an interview with The Australian. “It’s been such a topsy-turvy situation…with the momentum totally on the side of the transgender athletes. When it comes to sports, biology is the biggest divider… So, FINA, it’s the first big organisation that has gone all in for fairness and maybe it will try to include as many people as possible, as is fair. But fairness has to be first,” Navratilova had said.

She also criticised the IOC for leaving the decision-making on the eligibility of transgender athletes to sports federations.

Did WA also change other rules?

DSD (Differences in Sex Development) athletes — those who have genes that are generally associated with one sex but whose reproductive organs may not be atypical — will now have to keep their testosterone below 2.5 nmol/L for 24 months to participate in the female category across events.

Earlier, DSD athletes were not required to maintain a testosterone limit unless they wanted to participate in restricted events — 400 metres to a mile. For restricted events, DSD athletes had to keep their testosterone below 5 nmol/L for six months before being eligible to participate.

No cause for alarm

Context: More than three years after the COVID-19 pandemic began, newer variants have emerged with an uptick in cases, hospitalisations, and even deaths.

Major Highlights:

After Kappa, Delta, BA.2.75, and BA.2.76, the latest variant (first detected in India) is the Omicron recombinant XBB.1.16. This variant accounts for over 30% of all sequenced genomes in March 2023, and its proportion has been increasing.
However, there is no need for alarm as there has been no concomitant increase in hospitalisations, even among vulnerable groups, which suggests that clinical severity in infected people might not be a concern.
- India is fully relying on hybrid immunity arising from vaccination and natural infection for extended protection.
- Fortunately, the estimated 95% of India’s population above 12 years possessing hybrid immunity has been shielding people from serious COVID-19 disease even when a few Omicron variants caused a spike in 2022.

Way Forward:

People, especially from vulnerable groups, carry a higher risk of infection from COVID, so they need to follow basic precautions such as wearing a mask in closed space settings when newer variants emerge.
There is a need to increase whole genome sequencing to help track the new variants that might emerge and gear the country for any major outbreak.

Hybrid immunity:

Hybrid immunity refers to the protection against a disease that results from a combination of natural immunity gained through infection and vaccination-induced immunity. E.g., A person who had previously contracted COVID-19 and then received a COVID-19 vaccine would have hybrid immunity to the virus.
Research suggests that hybrid immunity may provide better protection against certain diseases than either natural or vaccine-induced immunity alone. However, the extent of protection and the duration of hybrid immunity is an area of active research and varies depending on the specific disease and the individual's immune response.

The Rehabilitation Council of India

What is The Rehabilitation Council of India?

The Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) was set up as a registered society in 1986.

Statutory status of RCI

On September 1992 the RCI Act was enacted by Parliament and it became a Statutory Body on 22 June 1993. The Act was amended by Parliament in 2000 to make it more broad-based.

What is the Mandate of RCI?

The mandate given to RCI is to regulate and monitor services given to persons with disability,
to standardise syllabi and to maintain a Central Rehabilitation Register of all qualified professionals and personnel working in the field of Rehabilitation and
Special Education.
The Act also prescribes punitive action against unqualified persons delivering services to persons with disability.

Other Policies for Rehabilitation in India?

Directive Principles of State Policy remarks that the State should deliver every possible help in case of:

Old age
Sickness
Disablement
Unemployment

Laws in India to deal with disabilities

To empower people with disabilities, the Government of India has enacted the following legislation over the years:

Indian Lunacy Act, 1912
Mental Health Act, 1987
Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992
Persons With Disability Act, 1995
National Trust Act, 1999
Right To Education Act, 2010

What are the statutory rights of the people who need medical rehabilitation?

Service by a qualified and trained rehab professional who has been registered by the Council.
Maintenance of a certain standard of professional conduct by the rehabilitation providers. If not met, then the professionals face disciplinary action and even removal from RCI.
Guarantee that all rehabilitation professionals are under the regulation of a statutory council, which comes under the preview of the central government.

Issues associated with rehabilitation in India

Non-compliance with standards.
Limited access to assistive devices. For example, hearing aid distributors found that the current production level of hearing aids only meets 10% of the worldwide need. In developing countries, that number is reduced to 3%! Of all the people who require hearing aid in countries like India and Africa, only 3% get them. Limited access to assistive devices leads to:
Deterioration in health
Restricted activity
Constraint with Participation
Increased dependency
Reduced quality of life
Rehab centres are limited to urban areas like Chennai. This centralisation and concentration of medical rehabilitation have left tier 2 and 3 cities with inadequate access to services.
Another issue in India is the insufficient rehabilitation personnel with appropriate training and experience. The lack of proper physiatrists is a significant hurdle physical medicine and rehabilitation have to overcome.

What is the Way forward?

More investment and financing are required so that every person in the nation can get easy access to rehab facilities.
The supply and capacity of personnel need to be amplified. For this, education and training are a must; followed by recruitment and retention.
The delivery of rehabilitation services must be integrated with the current healthcare system. For example, by coordinating with a hospital in Chennai, we are able to deliver crucial help to dozens of patients each year. It ensures early intervention which leads to more recovered patients.
The last but not least step required to make the lives of those who live with disability better is assistive technology. More local manufacturing, reduction in taxes and good follow-up can make a world of difference.

Need to Change Criteria for Scheduled Tribes

In recent times, there has been increasing demand for delisting of tribal communities, from the list of Scheduled tribes under Article 342 of Constitution, who have converted to other religions, primarily Christianity. This has raised debate over the criteria followed by the government to designate a community as a scheduled tribe.

Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs established a task force under the leadership of erstwhile Tribal Affairs secretary Hrushikesh Panda in 2014. Panda committee compiled a list of over 40 communities from India that should be included in Scheduled Tribe List on a priority basis. (26 Tea-tribes, 9 from Odisha, 8 from Chhattisgarh, few from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu).

Salient features of Tribes

An amalgam of the various traits ascribed to tribal groups include:

Tribes have a segmentary but egalitarian system.
They are not mutually inter-dependent, as are castes in a system of organic solidarity.
Absence of complex political structures
Endogamy
Strong and functional kinship bonds, cooperation
Territorial integrity
Cultural and linguistic distinctiveness
Lower levels of technology
Sustained by relatively primitive subsistence technology such as shifting cultivation, hunting, and gathering
Many tribes follow Animism as a form of religion

TRIBE	CASTE
Egalitarian	Hierarchy
Segmentary	Organic
Communal ownership of resources	Individual ownership
Endogamy to preserve tribal identity	Endogamy based on the purity-pollution principle

EXISTING CRITERIA AND PROCESS

Existing criteria followed by the government for the specification of a community a scheduled tribe as defined by the Lokur committee (1965) are:

Indications of primitive traits,
Distinctive culture,
Geographical isolation,
Shyness of contact with the community at large, and
Backwardness.

These are not mentioned in the Constitution.

PROCEDURE FOR LISTING COMMUNITIES AS SCHEDULED TRIBES

STEP-1: Representations are received by State Governments or Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs for inclusion/exclusion of any community in/from the list of Scheduled Tribes of a State/UT under Article 342 of Constitution.

STEP-2: State government or UT administration needs to first recommend and forward the proposal to the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs. If the State Government or UT Administration does not recommend the community’s case for inclusion will die down.

STEP-3: After State government/UT administration has recommended for inclusion of the community in ST list, Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs forwards the proposal to Registrar General of India (RGI). If the RGI is not satisfied, the case for inclusion ends.

STEP-4: If the RGI is satisfied with the proposal, the case for inclusion is forwarded to National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) for its recommendation.

STEP-5: After the consent of the NCST recommendation, the proposal is taken to Union Cabinet for its consent.

STEP-6: After the consent of the NCST, the matter is taken up by the Parliament in the form of a bill to amend the Presidential Order issued under Article 342 of the Constitution, which lists the scheduled tribes in each State and UT.

ISSUES WITH PRESENT CRITERIA FOR SCHEDULING

Transition and Acculturation: Over the period, tribal communities have been undergoing the processes of transition & acculturation due to impacts of planned change, modernization & globalization. Tribes do show some distinctness in their culture but the regional variations cannot be ruled out due to acculturation influence of adjoining populations. Most tribes got converted to mainstream religions like Hinduism and Christianity.
Issues with Isolation: Migrations in India were frequent for political, economic and ecological reasons. Even the most isolated groups were part of a wider network of economic relations. There are only a few tribes, which are isolated like the Jarawa and the Sentinelese in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Problematic Idea of ‘Primitiveness’: The term "primitive" has been challenged as a value-loaded term indicating a condescending attitude by outsiders. Besides, the so-called primitivity is a stage in evolution of a community through which all communities have passed or passing. The tribals themselves resent being called primitive.
Reasons identified by Panda Committee why some communities are not included as STs:
Some existing communities who form sub-sets among the existing Scheduled Tribe have not got benefit of Scheduled Tribes.
Phonetic Variations: Some communities are known by names which have little phonetic or spelling differences with existing ST tribes.
Bifurcation of States: Few communities were left out when States were bifurcated i.e., they were included as ST in one state and left out of ST list in other state.
Due to forced migration: There are communities who were denied inclusion in ST list, as they were forcibly taken away from their homelands as indentured labour to other states or were displaced due to industrialisation, where they were left out of the ST list. Thus, there is a need to differentiate between voluntary migration and forced displacement and thus, these communities should be included in ST List. Ex. Tea Tribes of Assam who were forcibly taken as indentured labourers from Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha to Assam. Tribes who have had to be resettled from one state to another due to hydropower and irrigation projects on Narmada River affected STs in Madhya Pradesh.

If these outdated criteria are still going to be adopted, there may be hardly few communities to qualify for ST status and many of the existing ST communities will lose their ST status. Hence, there emerges the need to revisit the existing criteria so that apparent historical injustice can be addressed practically and contextually. A more flexible criterion should be adopted for this purpose, rather than following a rigid and dogmatic approach.

ISSUES WITH CURRENT PROCUEDURE FOR SCHEDULING

Procedure for inclusion of communities defeats Constitution agenda for affirmative action and inclusion is cumbersome and time consuming.
The proposal must get consent of States government/UT administration, Registrar General of India, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Union Cabinet and Parliament. If the proposal is defeated at any one spot it is rejected.
Office of Registrar General of India lacks expertise of Anthropologists and sociologists to comment on proposals for exclusion and inclusion of community into ST list.
Registrar General of India has not created a databank on tribes/castes based on ethnographic study/surveys. This limits the ability to do justice to identifying communities as STs.
RGI’s decision is based on census records. However, there are inconsistencies in the census records. For ex. Census 1891 listed tribes as ‘Tribal religion’, 1901 and 1911 census described them as ‘Tribal animists’, 1921 census included them under ‘Hill and forest tribes’, 1931 census described them as ‘primitive tribes’ and 1941 census as ‘tribes’. After Census 1951, they are under the constitutional category of Scheduled Tribes.

PROPOSED CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION OF NEW COMMUNITIES IN ST LIST

The following criteria points are proposed for consideration by National Commission for Scheduled Tribe and must be looked at from a holistic perspective, rather than as an isolated criterion. These criteria have been suggested by Hrushikesh Panda Committee. All the following criteria should be looked at holistically and none should take precedence over another.

Common Community Names for Group Identity or may have different names such as sub-tribes/sections, synonyms/ phonetic variations or the name/names by which they identify themselves and the names by which their neighbours call them.
Distinct Language/Dialect which may or may not exist today. The community may be bilingual speaking own language among themselves and local/regional language to communicate with others.
Presence of a Core Culture relating to life cycle, songs, dances, paintings, folklore.
Endogamy or marital relationship primarily within their community & with other Scheduled Tribes.
Autonomous Religious Beliefs and Practices where traditional magico-religious functionaries are from the community, though practicing Hindu 'way of life' would not be a bar.
Traditional Institutions of Social Control relatively intact.
Low Level of Techno-Economy: Simple, less diversified, simple exchange of goods and services, mutual interdependence.
Relative Socio-Economic & Educational backwardness when compared to rest of population of the State.
Historical geographical isolation which may or may not exist today.
Reforming the procedure for inclusion: Office of RGI should merely be required to provide information available with it.

Reformed procedure: Panda Committee suggested a reformed procedure suggesting that once a proposal is received from a State government, it should be circulated simultaneously to NCST, RGI and Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI), each of which needs to give their opinions in 6 months. After opinions of the above institutions should then be considered by a special committee on Scheduling of Communities which will be headed by Tribal Affairs Secretary, and representatives from NCST, RGI, AnSI, State Governments and State Tribal Research Institute.

OBC census

The Union Government on March 14 informed Lok Sabha that the Justice G. Rohini Commission which is looking into the sub-categorisation has been working without the data from the last Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) conducted in 2011.

Need for Caste-based Census:

Estimate change in demography: Present reservations and other welfare scheme entitlements to OBC are still based on the population estimates of 1931.
Bring about social justice: Help governments’ welfare schemes reach the most backward and deprived castes that have been marginalised till date.
Help rationalize reservation policy as per need of a specific caste or community: Land fragmentation and decades of agricultural stagnation have turned many upper caste landowners into marginal farmers. Whereas rising rural wage has benefitted some of the backward classes including Dalits.
Demand for Reservations: There has been demands to expand OBC reservation (as the present 50% cap is arbitrary) and inclusion of dominant castes like Jats, Kapus, Patidars, Marathas etc. into OBC category. Often these demands are not based on scientific evidence. Hence, a Caste based socio-economic census will bring out the real picture.
OBC Sub-categorisation: OBC membership is large and heterogeneous, with vast intra-caste differences in socio-economic conditions. Some better-off groups among OBC castes have cornered a disproportionately large share of seats reserved for OBCs giving rise to demand of sub-classification of various caste groups among OBCs. Caste based socio economic census will help in such classification.
Assess impact of Affirmative action: A socio economic caste census would help in assessing how far the extension of reservations to OBCs benefited them.

Rohini Commission:

This Commission was constituted under article 340 of Constitution with mandate is to examine issues of sub-categorization within Other Backward Classes in Central List.

Findings/suggestions:

It found that 97% of all jobs and educational seats have gone to just 25% of all sub-castes classified. And around 25% of these jobs and seats went to just 10 OBC communities.
983 OBC communities, 1/3rd of the total, had almost had zero representation in jobs and admissions in educational institutions.
Proposed to divide 27% reservation for the castes on the Central list into four sub-categories.

Rohini Commission: This Commission was constituted under article 340 of Constitution with mandate is to examine issues of sub-categorization within Other Backward Classes in Central List. Findings/suggestions: It found that 97% of all jobs and educational seats have gone to just 25% of all sub-castes classified. And around 25% of these jobs and seats went to just 10 OBC communities.983 OBC communities, 1/3rd of the total, had almost had zero representation in jobs and admissions in educational institutions. Proposed to divide 27% reservation for the castes on the Cent

Higher Education

AISHE report
The Ministry of Education, Government of India has released All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-2021.

The Ministry has been conducting All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) since 2011, covering all higher educational institutions located in Indian Territory and imparting higher education in the country.

The survey collects detailed information on different parameters such as student enrolment, teacher’s data, infrastructural information, financial information etc.

Key findings of the survey: The total enrolment in higher education has increased to nearly 4.14 crore in 2020-21 from 3.85 crore in 2019-20. Since 2014-15, there has been an increase of around 72 Lakh in the enrolment (21%).

Higher education's Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) has also surpassed 27.3%. The GER measures the proportion of adults between the ages of 18 and 23 who are enrolled in college. It was determined using data from the 2011 Census.The Female enrolment has increased to 2.01 crore from 1.88 crore in 2019-20.

There has been an increase of around 44 Lakh (28%) since 2014-15.

Female GER has overtaken Male GER since 2017-18. Gender Parity Index (GPI), the ratio of female GER to male GER, has increased from 1 in 2017-18 to 1.05 in 2020-21.

There has been a noticeable increase in the enrolment of students from Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) in higher education institutions between 2014–15 and 2020–21.

ST students have seen the largest growth, with a nearly 47% increase. Government universities constitute contribute 73.1% of total enrolment of students. Whereas private universities account for only 26.3% of the total enrolment.

The University Grant Commission (UGC) has unveiled draft norms to allow foreign universities to set up campuses in India. The draft rules are intended to regulate the entry and operations of Foreign Universities to conduct various degrees, diplomas and certificate programmes.

The draft regulations provided foreign universities intended to setup in India with significant freedom in terms of fee structure, recruiting staff, designing courses and awarding degrees, diplomas and certificates. This was done, in line with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, to promote internationalisation of the higher education in India.

Internationalisation of Higher Education:

Internationalisation of higher education promotes sharing of best academic and research practices through interactions between diverse education systems, and helps in developing global citizens through mobility of students and scholars. In Indian context, this aspect of internationalisation of higher education is as old as education itself. Ancient universities like Takshashila and Nalanda attracted many scholars from various parts of the globe. In modern times, globalisation gave opportunities to attract international students, academics and funding and many Indian Higher Education Institutions are now committed to increase their global outreach.

Need for Internationalisation of Higher education in India:

Improve global rankings: Though few Indian educational institutions are appearing in world rankings of universities, the score for “Internationalisation” among all the indicators is found to be relatively poor for them. Thus, Internationalisation of Higher Education may act as the catalyst to spur many Indian universities to improve their global rankings.
Potential for foreign investment: There is exponential growth in number of students enrolled in higher education outside their country and this trend is likely to continue.

However, as on December 2020, India had more than 10 Lakhs students studying abroad (MEA 2021). whereas, number for foreign students coming to India for the purpose of higher education as per All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2019-2020, is around 50,000.

Quality upgradation: systematic internationalisation of higher education will result in increased global outreach, knowledge acquisition, development of internationally relevant curricular framework and sharing of teaching-learning-research best practices.

In order to promote internationalization of higher education in India, the Government of India has taken several initiatives. These include:

Establishment of the National Commission for Higher Education and Research (NCHER) which aims to facilitate and coordinate the internationalization of higher education in India.
Launch of the Study in India programme, which seeks to attract more foreign students to Indian universities.
Launch of several international scholarships, such as the Prime Minister's Scholarship Scheme and the Central Sector Scheme of Scholarship for Foreign Students, to attract students from abroad.

What is the institute of Excellence?

Objectives of the scheme – institutions of eminence

Expectations from the institutions of eminence

Challenges

What is the way forward?

What does the ban mean?

Why have transgender women been barred?

What were the rules for transgender women before WA’s ban?

What had WA initially proposed?

So how did WA justify the change to a ban?

Which other sports have banned transgender female athletes?

Have any famous sporting names weighed in?

Did WA also change other rules?

How many beneficiaries are there in PMUY?

Is it a new initiative?

Who is eligible for the targeted subsidy to Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana?

What is the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana?

What is the type of Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

What is the funding source of Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

Who will implement Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

Who is eligible under Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana?

Where Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana will be implemented?

What is the purpose of AIDP?

Who is eligible for the benefits of the scheme?

What is Samajik Adhikarita Shivir

Under Which scheme the shivir is held?

Who organised the shivir