Why in News?
Recently, sacred relics associated with two eminent disciples of Lord Buddha—Sariputra and Maudgalyayana—were sent from Sanchi Stupa in India to Mongolia for a special exhibition. The event highlights the enduring cultural and spiritual significance of Sanchi in promoting Buddhist heritage and international cultural diplomacy.
About Sanchi Stupa
Located in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh, Sanchi is one of the most important Buddhist monuments in the world. The Great Stupa at Sanchi was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka during the 3rd century BCE after his embrace of Buddhism following the Kalinga War.
The construction of the monument is believed to have been supervised by Ashoka’s wife, Devi, who hailed from nearby Vidisha. Over the centuries, the stupa complex received patronage from merchants, rulers, and devotees, leading to its expansion and embellishment.
Sanchi serves as a repository of sacred relics of Buddha and his revered disciples, making it a significant pilgrimage centre for Buddhists across the world.
Historical Significance
After flourishing for centuries, the site gradually declined and fell into neglect. It was rediscovered in 1818 by British officer Henry Taylor. Subsequently, archaeological surveys and excavations were undertaken by Alexander Cunningham in 1851, paving the way for its conservation.
Recognizing its outstanding cultural value, UNESCO inscribed the Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi as a World Heritage Site in 1989.
Architectural Features
The Great Stupa at Sanchi is a masterpiece of ancient Indian architecture and Buddhist symbolism.
Main Components
Anda (Dome):
A large hemispherical dome representing the universe and the spiritual path toward enlightenment.
Harmika:
A square railing placed atop the dome, symbolizing the celestial realm and the sacred mountain.
Yashti (Central Mast):
A vertical pillar rising from the harmika, representing the cosmic axis connecting heaven and earth.
Chatras (Umbrellas):
Three umbrella-like structures mounted on the mast symbolizing honor, protection, and the various heavenly realms.
Stone Railings and Gateways:
The stupa is enclosed by massive stone railings and four elaborately carved gateways (Toranas) facing the cardinal directions. These gateways depict scenes from the life of Buddha, Jataka tales, and symbols of Buddhist philosophy.
Cultural and Diplomatic Importance
The transfer of sacred relics to Mongolia reflects India's use of Buddhist heritage as an instrument of cultural diplomacy. Buddhism acts as a bridge connecting India with several Asian nations, including Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, and Myanmar.
Such initiatives strengthen people-to-people ties while reinforcing India's role as the birthplace of Buddhism.
Conclusion
Sanchi Stupa stands as an enduring symbol of India's rich Buddhist legacy, artistic excellence, and spiritual traditions. Its architectural grandeur, historical significance, and continuing relevance in cultural diplomacy make it an important topic for UPSC Prelims and Mains examinations.