Excess fluoride in groundwater has emerged as a serious public health and environmental concern in India. Recent reports from Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district indicate fluoride concentrations as high as 8.2 mg/L, far exceeding safe limits and causing widespread dental and skeletal fluorosis across several villages. The issue highlights the intersection of geogenic pollution, drinking water safety, and rural health.
About Fluoride
Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral found in soil, water, plants, and living organisms. In trace amounts, it is beneficial for dental health, strengthening tooth enamel. However, excessive intake over prolonged periods leads to fluorosis.
- Safe Limits:
- WHO guideline: 1.5 mg/L
- BIS standard: 1.0 mg/L (desirable) and 1.5 mg/L (maximum permissible)
- Source of Contamination:
Fluoride enters groundwater through leaching of fluoride-bearing minerals such as fluorspar, cryolite, fluorapatite, and granite, especially in hard-rock aquifers.
Health Impacts
- Dental Fluorosis:
Affects children below eight years; symptoms range from faint white streaks on teeth to brown stains and pitting. - Skeletal Fluorosis:
Results from long-term exposure; causes joint pain, bone deformities, stiffness, and in severe cases, permanent disability. - Neurological Effects:
Studies from endemic regions indicate that high fluoride exposure may impair children’s cognitive development and lower IQ.
India’s Burden
Fluoride contamination above safe limits has been reported in 469 districts across 27 States.
- Highly affected States: Rajasthan (highest burden), Haryana, Karnataka, Telangana, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh.
The widespread nature of the problem makes fluorosis a national public health challenge rather than a localized issue.
Government Action and Institutional Measures
- National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF):
Launched in 2008–09, now implemented under the National Health Mission (NHM) to prevent, diagnose, and manage fluorosis. - Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):
Initiated in 2019 to provide functional household tap connections with safe drinking water to all rural households.- Har Ghar Jal Yojana ensures potable water supply.
- Jal Sakhis conduct village-level water quality testing.
- Defluoridation Technologies:
- Nalgonda Technique: Uses aluminium salts, lime, and bleaching powder.
- Activated Alumina Filters: Remove fluoride through adsorption.
Conclusion
Addressing fluoride contamination requires a multi-pronged approach—safe water supply, continuous monitoring, affordable defluoridation technologies, and community awareness. Strengthening groundwater governance is essential to prevent fluorosis and safeguard public health.