Lavan Island is a strategically important Iranian island located in the Persian Gulf near the Strait of Hormuz. It recently came into news following reports alleging that the UAE secretly carried out military strikes on Iranian targets during the recent Middle East conflict, including an attack on a refinery at Lavan Island.
The island is highly significant due to its role in Iran’s offshore oil production and export infrastructure.
Location and Geography
Located in the Persian Gulf near the strategically important Strait of Hormuz
Situated about 40 km west of Qeshm Island
Falls under Hormozgan Province of Iran
Approximately:
25 km long
5 km wide
The island’s location near one of the world’s busiest oil shipping routes gives it major geopolitical and economic importance.
Why is Lavan Island Important?
Oil and Energy Hub
Lavan Island is one of Iran’s most important offshore oil export terminals.
It serves as the operating base for three major offshore oil fields:
Salman Field
Resalat Field
Reshadat Field
Among these, the Salman oil field, located around 144 km south of Lavan Island, is one of the largest offshore oil complexes in the Persian Gulf.
Produced crude oil from offshore platforms is transferred to Lavan Island for:
Final processing
Storage
Export
Infrastructure on the Island
The island contains major oil-related infrastructure such as:
Processing plants
Oil storage facilities
Export terminals
Utility and maintenance systems
Storehouses
Loading jetty for oil tankers
This makes the island critical for Iran’s energy exports and maritime trade.
Economic Activities
Historically, Lavan Island was famous for:
Pearl fishing
Marine activities
It was often referred to as the “Hidden Pearl Island.”
Today, the local economy mainly depends on:
Oil industry employment
Fishing activities
Strategic Importance
Lavan Island’s importance arises from:
Proximity to the Strait of Hormuz
Offshore oil infrastructure
Role in Iran’s crude oil exports
Presence in a geopolitically sensitive region
Any disruption around the island can impact:
Global oil prices
Maritime security
Energy supply chains
The Strait of Hormuz itself is one of the world’s most critical chokepoints for global energy transportation.
The Indus Waters Treaty has once again become a major point of tension between India and Pakistan after India decided to keep the Treaty “in abeyance” following the 2025 Pahalgam terror attack.
India has stated that the Treaty will remain suspended until Pakistan credibly ends cross-border terrorism. The development has triggered diplomatic, legal, and geopolitical debates regarding transboundary river governance, international law, and regional security.
About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)
The Indus Waters Treaty was signed on 19 September 1960 between India and Pakistan, with the World Bank acting as a facilitator.
The Treaty was signed by:
Jawaharlal Nehru
Mohammad Ayub Khan
after nearly nine years of negotiations.
River Allocation under the Treaty
The Treaty governs six rivers of the Indus basin:
Eastern Rivers – Allocated to India
Ravi
Beas
Sutlej
India has unrestricted use over these rivers.
Western Rivers – Primarily for Pakistan
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab
India is allowed limited non-consumptive use for:
Hydropower generation
Irrigation
Navigation
Domestic use
Institutional Mechanism
The Treaty established the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) consisting of one commissioner from each country.
Three-Tier Dispute Resolution System
Permanent Indus Commission – Routine issues
Neutral Expert – Technical disputes
Court of Arbitration – Legal disputes
The Treaty is often regarded as one of the world’s most durable water-sharing agreements because it survived wars and prolonged political tensions between the two countries.
Significance of the Treaty
For India
The Indus system supports:
Agriculture
Hydropower
Development needs of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan
For Pakistan
The river system is critical for:
Irrigation
Food security
Agriculture
Over 70% of Pakistan’s irrigation needs depend on the Indus basin.
Thus, the Treaty has historically ensured predictability in water sharing and reduced the possibility of water-related conflict.
India’s Decision to Hold the Treaty in Abeyance
Following the Pahalgam terror attack and Operation Sindoor in 2025, India announced that it would keep the Treaty “in abeyance.”
This means:
India no longer considers itself fully bound by Treaty obligations temporarily
Data-sharing mechanisms have been disrupted
Meetings of Indus Commissioners have stopped
The move has affected Pakistan’s:
Water planning
Flood forecasting
Drought preparedness
Pakistan’s International Strategy
Being the downstream country, Pakistan has attempted to internationalise the issue through multiple forums.
Pakistan’s Approaches
United Nations Security Council
International Court of Justice
World Bank
United Nations Human Rights Council
Pakistan argues:
The Treaty contains no clause permitting suspension or abeyance
India’s move violates international law
India, however, has rejected external intervention and refused participation in certain arbitration proceedings.
India’s Strategic Response
1. Infrastructure Development
India is accelerating long-delayed projects on the Indus basin rivers to utilise its legitimate share under the Treaty.
Projects focus on:
Hydropower generation
Storage capacity
Better utilisation of eastern rivers
India argues Pakistan repeatedly delayed projects through legal objections.
2. Strengthening the Techno-Legal Case
India has formed expert committees and argues that circumstances have changed significantly since 1960 due to:
Population growth
Climate change
Increased water demand
Developmental needs of Jammu & Kashmir
Technological advancements
India believes the Treaty framework needs renegotiation or modernisation.
Challenges and Concerns
Diplomatic Tensions
The dispute may escalate into a prolonged diplomatic and legal confrontation.
Security Risks
Pakistan has warned of serious consequences, raising concerns about regional stability.
Climate Change
Changing rainfall patterns and glacier melt make fixed water-sharing arrangements increasingly difficult.
International Precedent
India’s decision links water cooperation with terrorism-related national security concerns, creating an important international precedent.
Conclusion
The Indus Waters Treaty remains one of the most significant examples of transboundary water cooperation in the world. However, changing geopolitical realities, terrorism concerns, climate change, and developmental pressures have strained the framework.
India’s decision to keep the Treaty in abeyance reflects a broader shift in strategic thinking where national security concerns increasingly influence international agreements.
Going forward, both countries will need to balance security interests, humanitarian concerns, and sustainable river management while avoiding further regional instability.
The Agaléga Islands have recently emerged as an important strategic hotspot in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) amid increasing geopolitical competition and India’s expanding maritime outreach. India’s infrastructure development on the islands has attracted significant global attention due to its implications for regional security and Indo-Pacific geopolitics.
About Agaléga Islands
Agaléga is a remote dependency of Mauritius situated in the western Indian Ocean.
The archipelago consists of:
North Island (main inhabited island)
South Island
The islands are located:
Nearly 1,000 km north of Mauritius
Around 3,400 km southwest of India’s southern tip
Total geographical area: approximately 70 sq. km
The islands stretch over 24 km in length and are connected by a natural sandbank during low tide.
Population: Nearly 300 inhabitants
Economy:
Coconut cultivation
Coconut oil exports
Small-scale fishing activities
The islands are also known for unique biodiversity, including the Agaléga day gecko.
Strategic Importance of Agaléga Islands
1. Strategic Location in the Indian Ocean
The Agaléga Islands are situated close to critical Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) in the Indian Ocean through which a major share of global trade and energy supplies pass. Their location gives immense strategic value for monitoring maritime traffic and ensuring secure navigation routes.
The Indian Ocean is one of the world’s busiest maritime regions and is increasingly becoming the centre of global geopolitical competition. Control and surveillance over this region are essential for safeguarding economic and security interests.
2. India’s Infrastructure Development
Under a bilateral agreement between India and Mauritius, India has undertaken major infrastructure projects on the islands, including:
A 3,000-metre-long airstrip
A deep-sea jetty
Communication and logistics facilities
These developments are expected to support:
Maritime surveillance operations
Search and rescue missions
Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR)
Coastal monitoring
Logistics and naval support operations
The airstrip is capable of handling large military and surveillance aircraft, thereby significantly expanding India’s operational reach in the southern Indian Ocean.
3. Enhancing India’s Maritime Security
The Agaléga Islands strengthen India’s maritime domain awareness in the Indian Ocean Region. The facilities enable India to better monitor:
Piracy
Illegal fishing
Drug trafficking
Maritime terrorism
Strategic naval movements
The islands can function as a forward operating base for Indian naval and air assets, improving India’s capability to respond rapidly to emergencies and security challenges.
4. Countering China’s Expanding Presence
The growing strategic relevance of Agaléga is also linked to China’s increasing activities in the Indian Ocean under its “String of Pearls” strategy. China has developed ports and strategic infrastructure in countries such as:
Pakistan (Gwadar)
Sri Lanka (Hambantota)
Myanmar (Kyaukpyu)
Djibouti
India views these developments as potential security challenges. In this context, Agaléga provides India with a strategic advantage by strengthening its surveillance and operational capabilities in the western Indian Ocean.
5. Strengthening India–Mauritius Relations
The development of Agaléga reflects the strong diplomatic and strategic partnership between India and Mauritius. Mauritius occupies an important place in India’s:
SAGAR doctrine (Security and Growth for All in the Region)
Neighbourhood First policy
Indo-Pacific strategy
India has consistently supported Mauritius through:
Infrastructure development
Capacity building
Maritime security cooperation
Economic and developmental assistance
The project also demonstrates India’s role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region.
Concerns and Challenges
Sovereignty Concerns
Some political groups and civil society organisations in Mauritius have raised concerns regarding:
Possible militarisation of the islands
Transparency of agreements
Impact on Mauritian sovereignty
However, both India and Mauritius have clarified that the facilities are intended for joint use and regional security cooperation.
Environmental Concerns
As low-lying coral islands, Agaléga is environmentally sensitive. Large-scale infrastructure projects may affect:
Coral ecosystems
Biodiversity
Coastal ecology
Climate change and rising sea levels also pose long-term threats to the islands.
Significance in the Indo-Pacific Context
The Agaléga Islands have become increasingly important within the broader Indo-Pacific strategic framework. The islands help India:
Expand its maritime footprint
Improve strategic connectivity with Africa
Complement its eastern presence through the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Strengthen regional stability and secure trade routes
The islands are likely to play a crucial role in India’s future maritime strategy and regional security architecture.
Conclusion
The Agaléga Islands have transformed from a remote island territory into a strategically vital asset in the Indian Ocean Region. Their growing importance reflects the changing geopolitical dynamics of the Indo-Pacific and India’s increasing emphasis on maritime security, strategic partnerships, and regional influence. As competition in the Indian Ocean intensifies, Agaléga is expected to remain a key pillar of India’s maritime and geopolitical strategy.
Recently, the Prime Minister of India emphasized that India and Australia will continue working together to ensure a free, open, secure, and prosperous Indo-Pacific region, reflecting the growing strategic partnership between the two countries.
About Australia
Australia is both the smallest continent and the sixth-largest country in the world by area. Located entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, it occupies a unique geopolitical and geographical position between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, making it a key player in Indo-Pacific affairs.
The country is surrounded by important maritime regions. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and the South Pacific Ocean to the east. Australia is separated from Papua New Guinea by the Coral Sea and Torres Strait, from Indonesia by the Timor and Arafura Seas, and from New Zealand by the Tasman Sea. The Great Barrier Reef, one of the world’s largest coral reef systems, lies off Australia’s northeastern coast.
The capital city of Australia is Canberra, while major cities include Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.
Geographical Features
Australia possesses highly diverse geographical and climatic conditions due to its vast latitudinal extent and varied terrain.
Climate
The country experiences a wide range of climatic conditions, including tropical climates in the northern regions, temperate climates in the southeast and southwest, and arid desert climates across the interior. Northern Australia experiences monsoonal rainfall, while large central regions remain dry and sparsely populated.
Mountains and Highlands
The highest point in mainland Australia is Mount Kosciuszko, located in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, with an elevation of 2,228 metres. The Great Dividing Range, extending along the eastern coast, is Australia’s most significant mountain system and influences the country’s drainage and climate patterns.
Rivers
Australia’s river systems are relatively limited because of its dry climate. The Murray-Darling Basin forms the country’s most important river network and supports agriculture, irrigation, and settlements across southeastern Australia.
Major rivers include:
Murray River
Darling River
Murrumbidgee River
Lachlan River
The Murray-Darling Basin is economically significant but also faces environmental challenges such as salinity, over-extraction, and climate-induced droughts.
Deserts
A large portion of Australia’s interior consists of arid and semi-arid deserts. Major deserts include:
Great Victoria Desert
Gibson Desert
Simpson Desert
These regions are characterized by sparse vegetation, extreme temperatures, and low population density.
Natural Resources
Australia is one of the world’s leading resource-rich economies and possesses abundant mineral wealth. The country is a major global exporter of iron ore, coal, gold, and natural gas.
Important natural resources include:
Iron ore
Gold
Uranium
Lithium
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Cobalt
Brown coal
Tungsten
Vanadium
Australia has also emerged as a critical supplier of lithium and rare minerals essential for renewable energy technologies, electric vehicles, and battery manufacturing.
Biodiversity and Environment
Australia is known for its exceptional biodiversity and high level of endemic species. Geographic isolation over millions of years has resulted in the evolution of unique flora and fauna.
Important species include:
Kangaroo
Koala
Platypus
Emu
Tasmanian Devil
The country also hosts globally important ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef, tropical rainforests, eucalyptus forests, and coral reef systems.
However, Australia faces major environmental challenges including bushfires, droughts, coral bleaching, invasive species, and climate change impacts.
India–Australia Relations
India and Australia have witnessed rapidly expanding strategic, economic, and defence cooperation in recent years. Both countries are important members of the Quad grouping along with the United States and Japan.
Key areas of cooperation include:
Indo-Pacific security
Maritime cooperation
Trade and critical minerals
Defence exercises
Education and technology
Renewable energy collaboration
The India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) has further strengthened bilateral economic engagement.
Australia is also an important partner for India in securing supply chains of critical minerals necessary for clean energy transitions and advanced technologies.
Strategic Importance in the Indo-Pacific
Australia occupies a central position in the Indo-Pacific region and plays an important role in maintaining maritime security, freedom of navigation, and regional stability.
Its strategic geography, advanced naval capabilities, and strong partnerships with countries such as India, Japan, and the United States make it a major actor in regional geopolitics.
Increasing cooperation between India and Australia reflects the growing importance of democratic partnerships in ensuring a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific.
Conclusion
Australia is a geographically diverse, resource-rich, and strategically important nation in the Indo-Pacific region. Its growing partnership with India spans defence, trade, critical minerals, and maritime security, making the relationship increasingly significant in shaping regional stability and global economic cooperation.
The Prime Minister of India is set to hold bilateral talks with the President of Cyprus in New Delhi. The meeting is expected to strengthen cooperation in trade, investment, maritime affairs, and regional security.
Cyprus
Cyprus is a Eurasian island country located in the northeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its strategic location connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa, Cyprus has historically been an important centre for trade and geopolitics.
It is a member of the European Union (EU) and plays a significant role in regional diplomacy and maritime connectivity in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Geographical Location
Located south of the Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey)
Surrounded by:
Turkey in the north
Syria in the east
Lebanon in the southeast
Capital: Nicosia
Cyprus is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily and Sardinia.
Major Geographical Features
Climate
Cyprus experiences a temperate Mediterranean climate with:
Hot and dry summers
Mild and rainy winters
The climate supports tourism and agriculture, especially citrus fruits and olives.
Mountain Ranges
Two important mountain ranges dominate the island:
Kyrenia Mountains in the north
Troodos Mountains in the southwest
Highest Peak
Mount Olympus (1,952 m) located in the Troodos range
Rivers
Pedieos River is the longest river of Cyprus.
Major Cities
Limassol
Larnaca
Famagusta
Paphos
These cities are important centres for tourism, shipping, and trade.
Natural Resources
Cyprus possesses several mineral resources, including:
Copper
Pyrites
Gypsum
Marble
Salt
Timber
Clay earth pigments
Historically, Cyprus was famous for copper production. In fact, the word “copper” is believed to have originated from the Latin term Cyprium, meaning “metal of Cyprus”.
Strategic Importance of Cyprus
Cyprus holds immense geopolitical significance because of its location in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Key Significance:
Acts as a bridge between Europe, Asia, and Africa
Important for maritime trade routes
Strategic location near the Suez Canal region
Emerging hub for energy exploration in the Mediterranean
The island has also been at the centre of regional tensions due to the division between the Greek Cypriot south and Turkish-controlled north since 1974.
India–Cyprus Relations
India and Cyprus share warm diplomatic relations based on democracy, international law, and economic cooperation.
Areas of Cooperation:
Trade and investment
Shipping and maritime services
Information technology
Tourism
Support in international forums
Cyprus has consistently supported India on issues such as:
Permanent membership in the UN Security Council
Counter-terrorism cooperation
For India, Cyprus serves as an important gateway to Europe and the Mediterranean region.
Conclusion
Cyprus is a strategically important island nation in the Mediterranean with strong geopolitical and economic relevance. Its location, EU membership, and maritime significance make it an important partner for India in Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean region.
India continues to expand its defence diplomacy in Southeast Asia with the second edition of the bilateral military exercise CINBAX-II. Recently, a contingent of the Indian Army departed for Cambodia to participate in this joint exercise with the Cambodian Army. The exercise reflects India’s commitment to strengthening military partnerships under its Act East Policy and enhancing regional security cooperation.
About Exercise CINBAX-II
CINBAX (Cambodia–India Bilateral Army Exercise) is a joint military exercise conducted between India and Cambodia. The second edition is being held in Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia.
The Indian contingent comprises approximately 120 personnel, primarily from a battalion of the Maratha Light Infantry Regiment, known for its operational expertise and distinguished service history.
The exercise is conducted under the framework of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, which deals with peace enforcement operations, including actions to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Key Objectives of the Exercise
CINBAX-II focuses on enhancing operational cooperation between the two armies through:
Interoperability: Improving the ability of both forces to operate jointly in real-time scenarios.
Coordination: Streamlining communication and command structures during operations.
Operational Synergy: Building cohesive combat capabilities in complex environments.
The exercise also provides a platform for exchange of best practices, tactical knowledge, and operational experiences.
Focus Areas of Training
The exercise is designed as a company-level joint training programme and will focus on:
1. Counter-Terrorism Operations
The troops will train for neutralising terrorist threats in semi-urban environments. This includes:
Room intervention drills
Cordon and search operations
Hostage rescue simulations
2. Sub-Conventional Warfare
Sub-conventional operations refer to conflicts that fall below traditional warfare thresholds, such as insurgency and terrorism. CINBAX-II prepares troops for such challenges through realistic combat simulations.
3. UN Peacekeeping Scenarios
The training aligns with real-world United Nations peacekeeping missions, where troops often operate in volatile environments requiring precision, restraint, and coordination.
Importance of Semi-Urban Combat Training
Modern conflicts are increasingly taking place in semi-urban and urban settings. These environments are complex due to:
Dense population
Civilian presence
Infrastructure constraints
Training in such conditions enhances soldiers’ ability to operate effectively while minimising collateral damage.
Strategic Significance
1. Strengthening Bilateral Defence Ties
CINBAX-II highlights the growing defence relationship between India and Cambodia. It reflects mutual trust and a shared commitment to regional stability.
2. Boosting India’s Act East Policy
The exercise aligns with India’s broader strategic objective of engaging with Southeast Asian nations. Defence cooperation acts as a key pillar of this policy.
3. Enhancing Regional Security
By improving joint operational capabilities, the exercise contributes to maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
4. Capacity Building
It helps both armies enhance their readiness to tackle emerging security threats, including terrorism and insurgency.
Conclusion
Exercise CINBAX-II represents a significant step in India’s defence diplomacy, combining military training with strategic engagement. By focusing on interoperability, counter-terrorism, and UN peacekeeping operations, the exercise strengthens not only bilateral ties but also contributes to broader regional security objectives.
As global security challenges evolve, such joint exercises play a crucial role in preparing armed forces for coordinated and effective responses in complex operational environments.
India and Vietnam elevated their bilateral ties to an “Enhanced Comprehensive Strategic Partnership” during the visit of Vietnamese President To Lam to India in May 2026.
Both countries also set an ambitious target of achieving $25 billion bilateral trade by 2030, reflecting growing strategic convergence in the Indo-Pacific region.
Historical Background of India–Vietnam Relations
India and Vietnam established diplomatic relations in 1972, though their engagement dates back to anti-colonial struggles and civilisational linkages.
Key milestones include:
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Vietnam in 1954, becoming the first foreign leader to visit Hanoi after liberation.
India supported Vietnam’s sovereignty during the Vietnam War.
India recognised unified Vietnam soon after reunification in 1975.
Relations were upgraded to a Strategic Partnership in 2007.
In 2016, ties were elevated to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
Vietnam became India’s first Strategic Partner within the ASEAN region.
Economic and Trade Relations
India–Vietnam trade crossed USD 16 billion in 2025–26, recording over 10% annual growth.
Trade Composition
India’s exports: ~USD 6.11 billion
Vietnam’s exports: ~USD 10.35 billion
Key Areas of Cooperation
Pharmaceuticals
Indian generic medicines have a growing market in Vietnam.
Agriculture and Fisheries
Indian grapes and pomegranates received market access.
Vietnamese durians and pomelos gained entry into Indian markets.
Manufacturing and Electronics
Vietnam is emerging as a major hub for high-tech manufacturing and electronics.
Renewable Energy and EVs
Cooperation is expanding in:
Clean energy transition
Solar and wind energy
Electric mobility
Digital Economy
Collaboration includes:
Digital payments
E-commerce
MSME integration into global supply chains
Vietnam’s membership in ASEAN and participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) makes it a gateway to Southeast Asian markets.
Defence and Security Cooperation
Defence cooperation is a major pillar of bilateral relations.
Both countries share concerns regarding:
Maritime security
Freedom of navigation
Stability in the Indo-Pacific
Developments in the South China Sea
Major Areas of Defence Cooperation
Defence Lines of Credit
India has extended defence Lines of Credit for:
Patrol vessels
Defence equipment
Maritime capability enhancement
Joint Exercises and Training
Regular:
Military exchanges
Naval exercises
Staff talks
Capacity-building programmes
Maritime Security
India invited Vietnam to station a liaison officer at the Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region.
Defence Industrial Cooperation
Focus areas include:
Co-production
Joint research
Defence technology collaboration
Coast Guard Cooperation
Enhanced coordination in:
Maritime safety
Search and rescue operations
Vietnam also joined the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative during the visit.
Cultural and Civilisational Linkages
India and Vietnam share strong civilisational ties rooted in:
Buddhism
Hindu cultural influences
Maritime trade connections
The My Son Sanctuary, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, reflects ancient Indian cultural influence through the Cham civilisation.
The Indian community in Vietnam numbers around 8,000 people, mainly engaged in:
Business
IT
Professional services
India has also implemented 66 Quick Impact Projects across Vietnamese provinces focusing on:
Education
Healthcare
Community infrastructure
Key Outcomes of President To Lam’s Visit
Enhanced Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
The relationship was elevated to the highest diplomatic category India extends to partner nations.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that cooperation would deepen across:
Connectivity
Security
Sustainability
Supply chain resilience
Capacity building
Trade Target of $25 Billion by 2030
Both sides agreed to:
Expand market access
Strengthen supply chains
Facilitate trade in agricultural and pharmaceutical products
South China Sea and UNCLOS
Both countries reaffirmed commitment to:
Freedom of navigation
Peaceful dispute resolution
Non-militarisation
UNCLOS principles
They also supported an early conclusion of the South China Sea Code of Conduct.
Agreements Signed
A total of 13 agreements were signed covering:
Digital payments and QR-based transactions
Rare earth minerals
Urban governance
AI and 6G
Space cooperation
Digital Public Infrastructure
The RBI and State Bank of Vietnam also signed an MoU on digital payment connectivity.
Significance for India
Vietnam is a crucial pillar of:
India’s Act East Policy
Indo-Pacific strategy
Supply chain diversification efforts
The partnership strengthens:
ASEAN engagement
Maritime cooperation
Strategic balancing in the Indo-Pacific
It also supports India’s efforts to emerge as a trusted development and security partner in Southeast Asia.
Conclusion
India–Vietnam relations have evolved from historical solidarity to a multidimensional strategic partnership. The elevation to an “Enhanced Comprehensive Strategic Partnership” reflects deepening convergence in trade, defence, connectivity, and Indo-Pacific security. As both countries navigate an increasingly uncertain geopolitical environment, the partnership is expected to play a major role in shaping a stable, rules-based, and multipolar Indo-Pacific order.
Recently, the 10th edition of the Indian Ocean Dialogue was organised by India’s Ministry of External Affairs in collaboration with the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Secretariat. The dialogue highlighted the growing importance of the Indian Ocean region in global trade, maritime security, and sustainable development.
About IORA
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) was established in 1997 as an intergovernmental organisation of countries located along the Indian Ocean rim. Earlier known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative and later the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), it aims to strengthen regional cooperation among member states.
The organisation currently has 23 member states and 12 dialogue partners spanning Asia, Africa, Europe, and Oceania. India is a founding member and plays a key role in promoting regional stability and economic cooperation.
Objectives of IORA
Promote sustainable growth and balanced development.
Enhance economic cooperation among member countries.
Encourage freer flow of trade, services, and investment.
Strengthen maritime safety and regional security.
Promote cooperation in blue economy and disaster management.
Key Priority Areas
IORA focuses on six major priority areas:
Trade and Investment
Maritime Safety and Security
Fisheries Management
Disaster Risk Management
Blue Economy
Academic, Science and Technology Cooperation
Governance Structure
The apex decision-making body of IORA is the Council of Foreign Ministers (COM), which meets annually. The organisation’s Secretariat is located in Ebène, Mauritius, and is headed by a Secretary-General appointed for a three-year term.
Significance for India
For India, IORA is strategically important due to the Indian Ocean’s role in global trade and energy transportation. Through IORA, India promotes the vision of SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region), maritime cooperation, disaster resilience, and sustainable use of ocean resources. It also helps India strengthen ties with African, Southeast Asian, and Indo-Pacific countries amid growing geopolitical competition in the region.
Around 70 cattle reportedly died in Odisha’s Kendrapada district recently, with veterinary authorities attributing most of the deaths to amphistomosis caused by rumen flukes, locally known as “Kurmi”.
What is Rumen Fluke Disease?
Rumen flukes are parasitic flatworms that infect ruminant animals such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats. These parasites are widely distributed across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions and are commonly associated with livestock-rearing ecosystems having marshy grazing lands and stagnant water bodies.
The disease caused by these parasites is known as paramphistomosis or rumen fluke disease. It has emerged as an important veterinary concern in many tropical countries due to its impact on livestock productivity and rural livelihoods.
Adult rumen flukes generally inhabit the rumen, a compartment of the stomach in ruminants, while the immature larval stages settle in the small intestine. The severe disease manifestations are primarily caused by the immature larvae, which damage the intestinal lining during migration and feeding.
Life Cycle and Transmission
Rumen flukes have a complex life cycle involving snails as intermediate hosts. Eggs released through animal feces hatch in water, releasing larval forms that infect aquatic snails. Inside the snail, the parasite undergoes several developmental stages before emerging and attaching to vegetation or remaining in contaminated water bodies.
Livestock become infected through the ingestion of contaminated water or vegetation carrying infective larval stages. Areas with excessive moisture, waterlogging, poor drainage, and marshy pasture conditions are particularly vulnerable to outbreaks.
The disease tends to spread rapidly during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons when grazing fields remain flooded and snail populations increase significantly.
Symptoms and Impact
Rumen fluke disease can severely affect the health and productivity of livestock. The major symptoms include severe diarrhoea, dehydration, rapid weight loss, weakness, and swelling beneath the jaw, commonly referred to as “bottle jaw”.
Infected animals often exhibit reduced milk yield, poor body condition, and muscle wasting despite maintaining a normal appetite. Young and weak animals are especially vulnerable and may suffer high mortality in cases of heavy infection.
The disease can result in substantial economic losses for farmers due to declining milk production, reduced meat quality, treatment expenses, and livestock deaths. In states where animal husbandry forms an important component of rural income, outbreaks can significantly affect livelihoods and food security.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis is generally based on clinical symptoms, grazing history, fecal examination, and veterinary assessment. Laboratory testing helps identify parasite eggs and confirm infection.
Treatment involves the administration of targeted anthelmintic medicines that eliminate parasitic worms. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to reducing mortality and limiting the spread of infection.
Supportive care such as fluid replacement, nutritional supplementation, and isolation of infected animals also helps improve recovery.
Prevention and Management
Preventing rumen fluke disease requires an integrated livestock management approach. Proper grazing management, avoiding marshy pastures, improving drainage systems, and ensuring access to clean drinking water are essential preventive measures.
Control of snail populations is also important because snails act as intermediate hosts in the parasite’s life cycle. Rotational grazing and periodic deworming programmes can significantly reduce infection rates.
Veterinary awareness campaigns and timely disease surveillance are critical, especially in flood-prone and high-rainfall regions where outbreaks are more likely to occur.
Broader Significance
The recent outbreak in Odisha highlights the growing importance of animal health management within India’s rural economy. Livestock diseases not only affect agricultural productivity but also threaten nutritional security and the incomes of small and marginal farmers.
Strengthening veterinary infrastructure, improving disease surveillance, promoting scientific livestock management, and enhancing awareness among farmers are essential for reducing the burden of parasitic diseases in India.
With climate variability, increasing flooding events, and changing grazing conditions, parasitic livestock diseases such as amphistomosis may become more frequent, making preventive animal healthcare increasingly important.
Conclusion
Rumen fluke disease is a serious parasitic infection affecting livestock productivity and rural livelihoods, particularly in tropical and waterlogged regions. Effective disease management through early diagnosis, scientific grazing practices, snail control, and timely veterinary intervention is crucial for safeguarding animal health and strengthening the resilience of India’s livestock sector.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has recently released the updated guidelines for Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) 2.0, marking a significant step towards strengthening child healthcare in India. The revised framework aims to expand the scope of screening, integrate digital technologies, and address emerging health challenges among children.
About Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)
RBSK was launched in February 2013 under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to improve the overall quality of life of children by ensuring early detection and management of health conditions.
The programme focuses on children from birth to 18 years of age, targeting the “4 Ds”:
Defects at birth
Diseases
Deficiencies
Developmental delays (including disabilities)
Under RBSK, children are screened for 32 common health conditions, with provisions for free treatment, including surgeries at tertiary care levels.
Major Strategies of RBSK
The programme adopts a comprehensive and multi-layered approach:
1. Newborn Screening
Screening is conducted at delivery points to detect congenital defects at an early stage, ensuring timely intervention.
2. Community-Based Screening
Children aged 0–18 years are screened at Anganwadi centres and government schools, in convergence with:
Ministry of Women and Child Development
Ministry of Education
3. Role of ASHA Workers
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) conduct screening of newborns and infants under:
Home-Based Newborn Care (HBNC)
Home-Based Young Child Care (HBYC)
This ensures early identification at the household level.
4. Early Intervention through DEICs
Children diagnosed with health conditions are referred to District Early Intervention Centres (DEICs) for specialised care, therapy, and follow-up.
Key Features of RBSK 2.0
The updated guidelines significantly expand the programme’s scope and efficiency:
1. Expanded Screening Coverage
RBSK 2.0 goes beyond the traditional 4Ds by including:
Developmental and neurological disorders
Mental health issues
Behavioural concerns
Lifestyle-related risks
Early indicators of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes and hypertension
Additional conditions like kidney disorders
This reflects a shift towards holistic child health, addressing both physical and mental well-being.
2. Digital Health Integration
A major innovation in RBSK 2.0 is the introduction of digital tools:
Digital Health Cards: Unique health records for each child
Real-time Data Systems: Instant data collection and monitoring
Integrated Platforms: Seamless tracking of screening, diagnosis, and treatment
These measures enhance efficiency, transparency, and accountability in service delivery.
Significance of RBSK 2.0
1. Early Detection and Intervention
By identifying health issues at an early stage, the programme reduces long-term complications and disability burden.
2. Strengthening Preventive Healthcare
The focus on screening and early diagnosis aligns with India’s shift from curative to preventive healthcare.
3. Addressing Emerging Health Challenges
Inclusion of mental health and lifestyle diseases reflects changing health patterns among children in India.
4. Promoting Equity in Healthcare
By providing free treatment and management, RBSK ensures that children from economically weaker sections receive quality healthcare.
5. Leveraging Technology for Governance
Digital integration improves monitoring, reduces leakages, and ensures better policy implementation.
Challenges
Despite its achievements, the programme faces certain challenges:
Shortage of trained healthcare personnel
Infrastructure gaps in rural areas
Awareness issues among communities
Need for effective coordination between multiple stakeholders
Addressing these challenges is crucial for the success of RBSK 2.0.
Way Forward
To maximise the impact of RBSK 2.0, the following steps are essential:
Strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure
Enhancing capacity building of healthcare workers
Increasing community awareness and participation
Ensuring effective implementation of digital health systems
Conclusion
RBSK 2.0 represents a comprehensive and forward-looking initiative aimed at ensuring holistic child health in India. By combining expanded screening, early intervention, and digital innovation, the programme strengthens India’s public health system and contributes to building a healthier future generation.
Recently, the Union Minister for Rural Development released more than ₹10,000 crore to 12 states under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana–Gramin (PMAY-G), reaffirming the government's commitment to achieving housing for all in rural India.
About PMAY-G
Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana–Gramin (PMAY-G) is the flagship rural housing scheme of the Government of India. It was launched in 2016 by restructuring the erstwhile Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) to address the housing needs of the rural poor in a more targeted and transparent manner.
The scheme aims to provide financial assistance to eligible rural households for the construction of pucca houses with basic amenities. It primarily targets houseless families and those living in dilapidated kutcha houses with zero, one, or two rooms.
Objectives
The key objectives of PMAY-G are:
Ensuring “Housing for All” in rural areas.
Improving the quality of life of rural households.
Providing safe, durable, and disaster-resilient housing.
Promoting dignity, social inclusion, and better living standards.
Key Features
Target Coverage
The Government initially targeted the construction of 2.95 crore houses during FY 2016–17 to FY 2023–24.
Recognizing the continued demand for rural housing, the scheme has been extended for another five years (FY 2024–25 to FY 2028–29) with an additional target of 2 crore houses.
Minimum House Size
Each house constructed under PMAY-G must have a minimum carpet area of 25 square metres, including a dedicated hygienic cooking space.
Beneficiary Selection
Beneficiaries are selected through a transparent process based on housing deprivation parameters and exclusion criteria identified under the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC), 2011. The selection process minimizes discretion and enhances accountability.
Financial Assistance
The scheme provides direct financial support to beneficiaries:
₹1.20 lakh per house in plain areas.
₹1.30 lakh per house in hilly and difficult areas, including North Eastern states, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
Funding Pattern
The financial burden is shared between the Centre and States as follows:
60:40 in plain areas.
90:10 in North Eastern and Himalayan states.
100% Central funding for Union Territories without a legislature.
Technology and Monitoring
PMAY-G employs digital governance tools for transparency and efficient implementation:
AwaasSoft: Online Management Information System (MIS) for monitoring progress.
AwaasApp: Mobile application used for geo-tagging and real-time verification of houses.
Significance
PMAY-G has emerged as one of the world's largest rural housing programmes. It contributes significantly to poverty alleviation, social empowerment, sanitation, and rural development. The scheme also generates employment opportunities in rural areas through construction activities while improving access to basic amenities.
By providing secure and dignified housing to millions of families, PMAY-G plays a crucial role in achieving inclusive growth and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to poverty reduction and sustainable communities.
Conclusion
PMAY-G represents a transformative step towards rural development and social welfare. Through targeted assistance, transparent beneficiary selection, and technology-driven monitoring, the scheme has substantially improved housing conditions across rural India. Its continued expansion reflects the government's commitment to ensuring that every rural family has access to a safe and dignified home.
Recently, an RTI disclosure revealed that contributions to the National Sports Development Fund (NSDF) have declined by more than half between 2023–24 and 2025–26, raising concerns over sports funding and athlete support in India.
About National Sports Development Fund (NSDF)
Established in 1998
Created under the Charitable Endowments Act, 1890
Functions under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
Purpose
The fund was established to provide momentum and flexibility in supporting sports development and helping Indian athletes achieve excellence at national and international levels.
Sources of Funding
NSDF receives contributions from:
Public and private sector companies
Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)
Charities and non-profit organisations
Government contributions
Objectives of NSDF
Sports Promotion
Promote sports and specific disciplines
Support talented sportspersons for excellence at national and international levels
Training & Coaching
Provide specialised coaching and training to athletes, coaches, and sports specialists
Infrastructure Development
Construct and maintain sports infrastructure
Equipment Support
Supply sports equipment to organisations and athletes
Research & Innovation
Conduct studies and research for improving sports performance
International Cooperation
Encourage international exchanges and collaboration in sports
Management and Administration
Council of NSDF
Managed by a Council constituted by the Central Government
Chairperson: Union Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports
Includes senior sports ministry officials, PSU/private sector representatives, and sports promotion boards
Executive Committee
Handles daily administration and grant approvals
Chaired by the Sports Secretary
Consists of six members
Significance of NSDF
Supports Olympic and international-level athletes
Encourages corporate participation in sports development
Helps bridge funding gaps in sports infrastructure and training
Strengthens India’s sporting ecosystem and talent development
