Context: India’s rapid urbanisation and consumption-led growth have stretched its linear “take–make–dispose” waste management model to the brink. Transitioning to a circular waste management model, where waste is minimised, reused, recycled, and converted into resources, is now essential for environmental sustainability, resource security, and green growth.
India’s Waste Management Landscape
India generates nearly 1.70 lakh tonnes of municipal solid waste daily, projected to touch 165 million tonnes annually by 2030.
However, only 55–70% of collected waste is scientifically processed, leaving over 16 crore tonnes of legacy waste across 2,450 active dumpsites.
The challenge is magnified by sectoral waste streams. India ranks third globally in e-waste generation, with volumes rising 15–20% annually. Around 150 million tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) waste are generated each year, often dumped illegally. Plastic waste, estimated at 9 million tonnes annually, is dominated by single-use plastics, creating persistent ecological risks.
Legal and Policy Framework
The Constitution empowers urban local bodies under Article 243W to manage sanitation and solid waste, while Article 51A(g) places a fundamental duty on citizens to protect the environment.
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 acts as the umbrella law for waste governance. Key rules include:
- Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016: mandate source segregation into wet, dry, and hazardous waste.
- Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2025: introduce Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and recycling targets.
- Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2025: mandate QR-based digital tracking and minimum recycled-plastic content.
Why a Circular Model Matters
A circular economy can unlock ₹3.5 trillion annually by 2030 and generate 10 million green jobs by 2050.
Material recovery from e-waste, batteries, and end-of-life vehicles reduces dependence on imported raw materials and critical minerals.
Processing 50% of wet waste through bio-methanation can generate ₹2,460 crore annually while cutting over 10 million tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions. Scientific remediation of dumpsites can free 10,000+ hectares of urban land, while Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) can replace 10–30% of fossil fuels in industries. Recycling C&D waste conserves virgin minerals and lowers infrastructure costs.
Key Challenges
Despite its promise, the circular transition faces hurdles. NITI Aayog estimates an investment need of USD 50–80 billion over the next decade, beyond the capacity of most municipalities. Policy fragmentation across ministries weakens enforcement, while low user charges and volatile recycled-material prices undermine financial viability.
Further, nearly 90% of waste handling is done by informal workers without legal protection, and rising consumerism erodes traditional repair-and-reuse practices.
Government Initiatives
- Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0: remediation of 2,400+ dumpsites by October 2026.
- Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3): city-level collaboration platform.
- GOBAR-dhan Scheme: converts biodegradable waste into CBG and manure.
- Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): shifts recycling costs to producers.
- Mission LiFE: promotes sustainable lifestyles.
- Waste to Wealth Mission: deploys technologies for resource recovery.
Conclusion
A circular waste economy is not merely an environmental imperative but a strategic pathway for India’s urban resilience, climate action, and economic transformation.