Daily Current Affairs

November 15, 2025

Current Affairs

Soil Organic Carbon: The Foundation of Soil Health

Context: A recent ICAR study has found that climate change and unbalanced fertiliser use are accelerating the decline of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in India’s farmlands.
SOC is vital for soil fertility, water retention, and carbon sequestration — making it central to both food security and climate resilience.

Key Findings of the ICAR Study

  • SOC levels increase with elevation and decline with temperature, explaining higher carbon retention in hilly regions compared to plains.
  • Haryana, Punjab, and western Uttar Pradesh show the highest decline due to overuse of urea and phosphorus-based fertilisers.
  • Low SOC is directly linked to micronutrient deficiency and declining crop yields.

Understanding Soil Organic Carbon

  • SOC is the carbon component of soil organic matter, accounting for 50–60% of its weight.
  • Healthy soils contain 1–6% SOC, derived from decomposed plants, roots, and microbes.
  • SOC is the key determinant of soil fertility, microbial activity, and moisture retention.

Determinants of SOC

  • Temperature: Cooler regions retain more carbon; warmer climates accelerate decomposition.
  • Rainfall: Moderate rainfall aids vegetation growth; arid zones lose carbon through erosion.
  • Soil Texture: Clay soils preserve carbon better than sandy soils.
  • Vegetation Type: Grasslands and forests differ in carbon storage patterns.
  • Topography: Slopes lose SOC due to erosion, while valleys accumulate it.

Benefits of High SOC

  1. Improves soil structure and resistance to erosion.
  2. Enhances nutrient availability and microbial balance.
  3. Increases water retention and irrigation efficiency.
  4. Acts as a carbon sink, mitigating climate change.
  5. Reduces dependence on chemical fertilisers.

Factors Reducing SOC

  • Intensive tillage and residue burning.
  • Overuse of chemical fertilisers.
  • Deforestation and land-use change.
  • Warming temperatures and soil erosion.

Way Forward

  • Promote organic manures, composting, and biochar.
  • Encourage no-till and cover cropping practices.
  • Introduce carbon farming incentives and carbon credit markets.
  • Develop soil carbon monitoring systems under ICAR–NBSS&LUP.
  • Integrate SOC management into National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).

Conclusion

Soil Organic Carbon is the lifeline of Indian agriculture.

Its conservation is not just an agronomic necessity but a climate imperative — essential for restoring soil vitality, ensuring food security, and achieving India’s carbon neutrality goals.

Nine Years After Demonetisation: Lessons and Realities

Context: Nine years after the 2016 demonetisation drive, police in Ghaziabad uncovered a fraud racket offering to exchange old ₹500 and ₹1,000 notes — indicating that a small underground market for demonetised currency persists.
The episode revives debate on whether the policy achieved its intended economic outcomes.

Background

On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1,000 currency notes, which constituted 86% of total currency in circulation, citing objectives such as:

  • Curbing black money and counterfeit currency
  • Promoting digital payments
  • Strengthening formalisation of the economy

Key Data and Trends

  • Currency with the Public: Fell sharply from ₹17.97 lakh crore (Nov 2016) to ₹7.8 lakh crore (Jan 2017).
  • Current Level: ₹37.29 lakh crore (as of Oct 2025, RBI data) — more than double pre-demonetisation levels.
  • Currency-to-GDP Ratio:
    • Pre-demonetisation (2016–17): 8.7%
    • Pandemic peak (2020–21): 14.5%
    • 2025: 11.1%, still higher than the U.S. (7.9%) or China (9.5%).
  • Digital Payments: UPI transactions grew at 49% CAGR (FY23–FY25), with monthly volumes exceeding ₹20 lakh crore.

Analysis

  • Mixed Success: While demonetisation catalysed digital payment adoption, cash usage remains deeply rooted, especially in the informal sector.
  • Temporary Disruption: Short-term liquidity shocks impacted MSMEs, agriculture, and the unorganised sector.
  • Informal Economy: About 80–85% of India’s employment is still informal and cash-dependent.
  • Tax Base Expansion: Direct tax returns grew from 4.9 crore (2016–17) to 8.9 crore (2024–25), suggesting some formalisation effect.
  • Counterfeit Currency: RBI data shows fake note detection decreased by 31% between 2016 and 2024.

Structural Implications

  • Digital Ecosystem: Strengthened through UPI, Aadhaar, and Jan Dhan accounts.
  • Behavioural Change: Increased trust in digital finance, though cash continues as a safety asset.
  • Monetary Stability: Currency-to-GDP ratio declining implies faster GDP growth vis-à-vis cash expansion.
  • Future Challenge: Balancing inclusion with cash-independent growth.

Conclusion

Demonetisation’s legacy is complex — it accelerated India’s digital transformation but failed to permanently reduce cash dependency.
The policy’s long-term impact lies less in cash withdrawal and more in shaping a hybrid economy combining cash resilience with digital innovation.

WEF Report: Deep-Tech Revolution in Agriculture

Context: The World Economic Forum (WEF) has released its report titled “Shaping the Deep-Tech Revolution in Agriculture” under its Artificial Intelligence for Agriculture Initiative (AI4AI).
The report explores how the convergence of deep technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, IoT, CRISPR, and Nanotechnology can transform global agriculture into a sustainable, resilient, and climate-smart sector.

Why Agriculture Needs Deep-Tech Intervention

Agriculture contributes nearly 18% of India’s GDP and supports more than 40% of employment, yet faces multiple structural and environmental challenges:

  • Low productivity: Yield gaps of 30–50% compared to global averages.
  • Resource depletion: Over 70% groundwater exploited; soil fertility declining.
  • Climate stress: Unpredictable rainfall, heatwaves, and pest attacks.
  • Labour shortages: Rural outmigration and ageing farm population.
  • Food security: Global demand expected to rise by 70% by 2050.

In this context, deep technologies offer solutions that go beyond conventional agri-tech — enabling predictive, precise, and sustainable agriculture.

Seven Deep-Tech Domains Transforming Agriculture

  1. Generative AI: Creates predictive models for sowing, pest management, and yield forecasting. It helps farmers make real-time decisions and avoid losses.
    Example: AI tools predicting locust swarms or monsoon onset patterns.
  2. Computer Vision: Identifies crop diseases, weed density, and fruit ripeness through image recognition — improving grading and reducing spoilage.
  3. Robotics & Drones: Automate labour-intensive operations like seeding, spraying, and harvesting.
    Example: Drones under PMFBY assist in faster crop loss assessment and data gathering.
  4. Edge IoT (Internet of Things): Sensor networks monitor soil moisture, nutrients, and weather conditions even in areas with poor connectivity.
  5. Remote Sensing & Satellites: Track farm health, vegetation indices, and carbon content, aiding precision irrigation and insurance validation.
  6. CRISPR and Gene Editing: Develop drought- and pest-resistant crops and bioengineered seeds with higher productivity.
    Example: ICAR-developed CRISPR rice varieties yield 30% more with lower methane emissions.
  7. Nanotechnology: Enables targeted nutrient and pesticide delivery, reduces input wastage, and prevents soil degradation.

The Convergence Model: How Deep-Tech Works Together

Deep-tech’s transformative impact emerges when these technologies integrate:

  • Swarm Robotics: Groups of AI-guided micro-robots performing weeding or planting collaboratively.
  • Precision Farm Management: Combining sensor, satellite, and AI data for optimal fertiliser-water balance.
  • Agentic AI: Self-learning systems autonomously plan cropping cycles and manage logistics.
  • Carbon Intelligence: AI-driven carbon mapping enables farmers to earn carbon credits under climate finance mechanisms.

Global and Indian Case Studies

  • Singapore: Uses AI-based hydroponic systems for urban food security.
  • Netherlands: Employs sensor-driven greenhouse farming to triple productivity.
  • India:
    • Digital Infrastructure for Farmers (DIF) initiative promotes AI and IoT integration.
    • Bhashini platform provides AI farm tools in local languages.
    • Startups like Fasal, CropIn, and DeHaat are leveraging AI for precision advisory.
    • PM-Kisan Drone Centres are being established for crop monitoring and spraying efficiency.

Economic and Environmental Potential

  • Yield Gains: Deep-tech could increase average crop productivity by 20–30%.
  • Water Savings: IoT irrigation can cut water use by up to 40%.
  • Carbon Reduction: Precision input application lowers GHG emissions by 15–25%.
  • Market Efficiency: Real-time supply chain analytics can reduce post-harvest loss by 20%.
  • Job Creation: The agri-tech sector can generate 5–7 million skilled jobs in AI, data analytics, and robotics by 2030.

Barriers to Adoption

  • High Cost: Equipment like drones and precision sensors remain unaffordable for smallholders.
  • Data Gaps: Inconsistent farm-level data limits model accuracy.
  • Regulatory Hurdles: Gene editing (CRISPR) and nanotech still face approval delays.
  • Skill Deficiency: Low digital literacy in rural areas hampers adoption.
  • Environmental Risks: Need for long-term studies on nanomaterial toxicity.

Policy and Institutional Framework Needed

  1. Regulatory Sandbox for Agri-Tech: Enable pilot testing of AI, IoT, and gene-editing applications under controlled conditions.
  2. National Deep-Tech Mission for Agriculture: Similar to IndiaAI Mission, focusing on deep-tech in agri R&D.
  3. Data Infrastructure: Create unified agricultural data repositories under the Agristack initiative to support AI models.
  4. Public–Private Partnerships: Incentivise collaboration among start-ups, ICAR, and agri-businesses for scale-up.
  5. Financial Inclusion: Introduce concessional credit and insurance for farmers adopting tech-based solutions.
  6. Skill Development: Launch Agri-Tech Fellows programs and curricula on AI in agricultural universities.
  7. Ethical Framework: Define safety, privacy, and environmental standards for deep-tech deployment.

Way Forward

India stands at a critical juncture to lead the deep-tech revolution in agriculture, combining its digital infrastructure, start-up ecosystem, and scientific expertise.

By integrating AI-driven innovation with smallholder empowerment, India can not only enhance productivity but also achieve sustainable, climate-resilient, and inclusive growth in its agricultural sector.

Conclusion

The WEF’s report reinforces that the next phase of agricultural transformation will be data-driven and intelligence-led.

Deep-tech will redefine Indian agriculture from “input-intensive” to “knowledge-intensive.”

For UPSC aspirants and policymakers alike, it underlines how technology can bridge the gaps of productivity, sustainability, and resilience — shaping the future of food systems.

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