- Aryabhatta, a great mathematician and astronomer, authored the book Aryabhatiyam in 499 AD. It deals with mathematics and astronomy. It explains scientifically the occurrence of solar and lunar eclipses.
- Aryabhatta was the first to declare that the earth was spherical in shape and that it rotates on its own axis.
- Aryabhatta was first to invent “zero” and the use of the decimal system. (A Gupta inscription from Allahabad district suggests that the decimal system was known in India at the beginning of the fifth century AD)
- Varahamihira composed Pancha Siddhantika, the five astronomical systems. His work Brihadsamhita is a great work in Sanskrit literature. His Brihadjataka is a standard work on astrology.
- In the fields of astronomy, a book called Romaka Siddhanta was compiled which was influenced by Greek ideas, as can be inferred from its name.
- In medicine, Vagbhata lived during this period. He was the last of the great medical trio of ancient India. (The other two scholars Charaka and Susruta lived before the Gupta age. Charaka is known for authoring the medical treatise, the Charaka Samhita.)
- Metallurgy saw technological advancement in Gupta times. The Gupta craftsmen distinguished themselves by their work in iron and bronze.
- In the case of iron objects, the best example is twenty-three feet high iron pillar at Mehrauli in Delhi.
- Paintings of Ajanta, still intact, indicate besides other things, the art of making colours during the period.
